1. 北京旅游咨詢有限公司
2022年春節(jié)可不可以離開北京回家過年
目前不確定,還是以實時通知為準。
2022年春節(jié)可不可以離開北京回家過年是時下大家最為關注的話題,就目前來看只要防控到位,2022年還是能夠回家過年的,不過由于各地區(qū)情況不一樣,所以具體的還是要以實時地區(qū)為準。如果能回家的話一定要佩戴好自己的口罩,盡量避免與他人的社交,回家的車上減少用餐的次數(shù)。
2. 北京旅行公司
還可以。北京頡遠集團有限公司成立于2020年12月24日,經(jīng)營范圍包括入境旅游業(yè)務;境內旅游業(yè)務;銷售食品;互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息服務;人力資源服務;從事互聯(lián)網(wǎng)文化活動;普通貨物道路貨物運輸(僅限使用清潔能源、新能源車輛);銷售III類醫(yī)療器械;房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)
3. 北京旅游咨詢有限公司電話
2021年底馬上就到了。由于疫情原因,進入北京是有一定限制的。屬于中高風險地區(qū)的人不讓進京,低風險地區(qū)的人進京要提供24小時內的核酸監(jiān)測報告,必須是陰性結果,同時要看本人的行程碼,必須是綠色的,并且測體溫沒有發(fā)熱等癥狀,才可以進京旅游。
4. 北京市旅游有限公司
北京旅游教育出版社有限責任公司是2010-11-04在北京市朝陽區(qū)注冊成立的有限責任公司,注冊地址位于北京市朝陽區(qū)定福莊南里1號。
北京旅游教育出版社有限責任公司的統(tǒng)一社會信用代碼/注冊號是91110105563614954C,企業(yè)法人劉權,目前企業(yè)處于開業(yè)狀態(tài)。
北京旅游教育出版社有限責任公司的經(jīng)營范圍是:主要出版旅游方面的大、中專教材、職業(yè)培訓教材、教學輔導材料、參考書、工具書、學術著作、旅游知識性圖書;配合本版圖書出版音像制品(音像制品出版許可證有效期至2017年06月30日);經(jīng)濟貿易咨詢;企業(yè)管理咨詢;會議及展覽服務;設計、制作、代理、發(fā)布廣告;銷售文具用品。(依法須經(jīng)批準的項目,經(jīng)相關部門批準后依批準的內容開展經(jīng)營活動。)。在北京市,相近經(jīng)營范圍的公司總注冊資本為3253364萬元,主要資本集中在 100-1000萬 和 5000萬以上 規(guī)模的企業(yè)中,共8678家。本省范圍內,當前企業(yè)的注冊資本屬于優(yōu)秀。
北京旅游教育出版社有限責任公司對外投資5家公司,具有0處分支機構。
通過百度企業(yè)信用查看北京旅游教育出版社有限責任公司更多信息和資訊
5. 北京市旅游公司
北京房山區(qū)是北京的一個遠郊區(qū),他地處北京的西南方向,區(qū)內有許多大型企業(yè)的像原來的京煤集團的大安山礦,長溝峪煤礦都在房山區(qū),現(xiàn)在北京燕山化工有限公司還在房山區(qū)發(fā)展壯大,每年為房山區(qū)的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展貢獻很大的,隨意改革開放的發(fā)展現(xiàn)在一大批新型行業(yè)落戶房山區(qū),未來的房山會越來越好的。
6. 北京行旅國際旅游科技有限公司
學國畫是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不僅能解放人的天性,給人帶來滿足感、成就感,而且還會在作品中實現(xiàn)對自我的肯定。學國畫的人,隨著自己的文化積淀、藝術修養(yǎng)的不斷提升,所作的畫作也如陳年老酒,愈發(fā)醇香,愈發(fā)動人。
工具
首先要熟悉工具,選擇一套合適的工具來作畫。
筆
國畫使用的筆統(tǒng)稱為毛筆,根據(jù)制筆的毫料不同可分為軟毫、硬毫和兼毫三種。
軟毫筆以羊毫為多,雞毫次之。羊毫筆有長鋒、中鋒、短鋒之別,各有不同的表現(xiàn)力。
硬毫筆一般彈力較強、勁健鋒利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫筆和紫毫筆使用較多。
兼毫筆是兩種以上不同質的毫料兼制而成,此筆軟硬適中,適于勾線,也適于渲染用。
畫工筆可以選擇準備勾線筆(1-2根)、大中小號白云羊毫筆(約3根)。
畫寫意,準備硬毫筆(長鋒短鋒各備一支),如狼毫、豬鬃、兔毫等,兼毫備一支即可。
提示
筆一開始不要買太多,常用的基本永遠都是那幾支。畫熟練了再添置,書法寫廢了的毛筆也可以用來染色或者畫山水。
筆架
筆架就是架筆之物,是傳統(tǒng)文房用具之一。在構思或暫息時用以置筆,以免毛筆污損他物。
調色盤
調色盤就是調和顏料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形狀通常為圓形,呈梅花狀,但也有方形或其他不規(guī)則形狀,質地以陶瓷類較多,而小碟子形態(tài)的調色盤造價比較低廉,通常為初學者或業(yè)余人士使用。
墨汁
中國傳統(tǒng)繪畫尤重用墨,筆以達氣,墨以生韻。用墨表現(xiàn)畫面的氣韻,求得生動是很重要的。中國之墨經(jīng)用筆引發(fā)和水的滲化,可變化出濃、淡、干、濕、黑、白不同層次的色彩感。古人謂之“五墨六彩”。
以墨代色,力求單純、明快、概括,是中國畫的獨特創(chuàng)造。以墨代色的不同變化,表現(xiàn)各種色彩感覺,富有浪漫主義的處理特色。中國畫在設色方面突破了自然物固有的約束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。
推薦墨汁
墨有很多種,市場上常見的用于繪畫的墨主要有株式會社墨運堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得閣的云頭艷,紅星墨液,北京墨汁,中華墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨對于繪畫有直接影響。
1、進口玄宗墨汁有兩種:一種是紅星玄宗,一種是進口玄宗,其特點是濃墨顯得很厚重,淡墨顯得很潤澤,不含混。下圖是用進口玄宗墨汁繪制的國畫效果圖。
2、北京一得閣墨汁,百年老字號,價格低廉,性價比高。代表性產(chǎn)品為云頭艷,其特點為,墨跡光亮、淡墨表現(xiàn)力強,層次感豐富、濃淡五色、書寫流利等特點,美中不足的便是膠性比較大,易凝結。下圖是用北京一得閣墨繪制的國畫效果圖。
3、紅星墨汁,安徽紅星墨液公司出品。代表產(chǎn)品有兩種,一種是紅星墨液,另一種是玄宗墨液(國產(chǎn)),玄宗墨液(國產(chǎn))跟紅星墨液最大的區(qū)別在于黑度,玄宗墨液(國產(chǎn))的黑度優(yōu)于紅星墨液,淡墨的層次,表現(xiàn)效果差,筆鋒交叉處,呈現(xiàn)糊狀。
4、雄獅墨汁,臺灣品牌,代表產(chǎn)品為雄獅書法墨汁,黑度強勁,層次感強、濃淡五色、書寫流利,合成樹脂膠(零下20℃凝結),四季適宜書畫,宜書宜裱。適宜練習、出一般作品和出貴重作品用,是票友和專業(yè)人士的首選。
5、曹素功墨汁,國內老字號。產(chǎn)品價格低廉。代表性產(chǎn)品為墨塊。
顏料
礦物顏料
礦物顏料有朱砂、赭石、石青、石綠、石黃、白粉、金粉、銀粉等。除赭石等少數(shù)礦物顏料外,多數(shù)礦物顏料都具有滲化性差、不透明性、遮蓋力強等特點。由于這類顏料源于礦物質,雖經(jīng)千年亦可保持其鮮艷色彩。
植物顏料
植物顏料有花青、藤黃、胭脂、洋紅。植物顏料和化學顏料滲化性較好,透明度高。除藤黃等少數(shù)顏料外,大多沒有遮蓋能力。故一般不宜以色蓋色。這正是中國畫必須下筆準確,忌反復修改的原因。
化學顏料
化學顏料有曙紅、深紅、大紅、鉻黃、天藍。
特點及用途
赭石:礦物類,但其質較輕清,半透明,可單獨使用,也可調和其他顏料后使用,是一種用途廣泛的顏料。在淡彩山水中,常作為山石、樹干主色,也可用于畫夕陽反照下的遠山。在花鳥畫中,常與墨(調和后成為赭墨)或與其他色料調和,或混合使用,多用于畫枝、干、翎毛。在人物畫中,常用于人物皮膚底色。調入花青或綠色可用于畫遠山、老葉子。赭石加藤黃為赭黃,用于深秋黃葉、秋景中的土坡、草間細路。草綠中加入赭石調成蒼綠,用于秋天石坡、土徑。
朱膘:礦物類或人工合成。常與胭脂、洋紅、藤黃調和使用。朱膘調墨可得厚重而偏亮的赭色。
朱砂:礦物類,為天然汞化物,近代也有人工合成的朱砂,遮蓋力強,一般是單獨使用,且多用濃重之原色點秋天紅葉、花,亭臺欄桿。不宜與石青、石綠調和使用。實際上,所有礦物顏料,除胭脂外,一般都不宜與植物色相調和。
石青:礦物類,遮蓋力極強。在青綠山水中用于罩染突出部位的山石,是青綠山水之主色。在石青制作過程中,將石料研磨澄汰后,按其質地輕重,又可將石青分為頭青、二青、三青、四青。一般山水畫只用質地較輕的二青、三青,多用于點夾葉、醒點苔。因石青相對粗糙,染山石時,一般要分幾次逐步上足色彩,待第一遍干后再著第二遍,忌在未干時反復涂抹。
石綠:礦物類,遮蓋力較強。澄汰后也可分為頭綠、二綠、三綠、四綠。頭綠質地較重,顏色較深,山水畫中較少使用。二綠、三綠在淡彩、重彩山水畫中使用較為廣泛。石綠可與草綠(如花青加藤黃所調成的草綠)結合使用,此時需用套色法(或用草綠打底,待干后罩石綠;或先用石綠平涂,待干后再染草綠)。
石黃:礦物類,在山水畫中僅用于點秋景夾葉、秋景苔。畫大片成熟的莊稼可先用赭石、藤黃染濕后再點石黃以示成熟。
金粉:礦物類,除一般進口金粉外,還有佛赤泥金和青赤泥金,系用金箔研成,前者色正偏暖,后者發(fā)青偏冷。用于重彩山水畫和工筆、人物、花鳥畫,一般在勾線時方使用。
銀粉:礦物類,用途與金粉類同。
白粉:礦物類或人工合成,有鉛白、鋅白、蛤粉等,鉛管所裝的又稱鋅鈦白。不透明。畫云、雪、瀑布、花鳥、人物等均需用之。鋅鈦白還可與花青、藤黃、赭石乃至墨等調和使用,但其度較難把握。如畫楊樹干即可調入綠色。
花青:植物類或人工合成,半透明,可與藤黃、洋紅、赭石、白粉等多種顏料調和,用途極為廣泛,畫山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其調和色。與藤黃調和,依據(jù)比例不同可調和各種綠色。青花調墨后稱花青墨,其色為墨綠(螺青)。與曙紅或胭脂調和后為紫色。
藤黃:植物類,是藤本植物的樹脂所制,有毒不能入口。鉛管裝藤黃有一定遮蓋能力。在山水、花鳥、人物畫中,既可單獨使用,又可與其他許多顏料或墨(可調成橄欖綠)調和使用,用途廣泛。與洋紅、朱膘或胭脂可調出橙色,與赭石調和可成檀色。
洋紅:又稱西洋紅、曙紅。植物類或人工合成,半透明,在花鳥畫中,多單獨或調和后,用于畫花、紅葉、蔬果,用途廣泛。在山水畫眾多用于畫亭臺、屋頂、紅葉等,在人物畫眾多用于面、唇、底飾等。
胭脂:植物類,為胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水畫中用于春天的桃花與秋天的紅葉,在花鳥畫中可用于畫紫紅色蔬果、翎毛、花、葉、芽苞,也有用其點花心、勾葉筋的。在人物畫中,可用于畫人物、棉布、衣飾、花卉配景等。胭脂與曙紅、朱膘可調出各種紅色系的色相。調入墨則成紫色,調入赭則成赭色胭脂。
大紅:與曙紅色彩相近,略淡于曙紅。用法與曙紅類同。
顏色調配方法
顏料中任何一種顏色加入白色都會使之變?yōu)榉凵蜃兊伾1绢伭吓c顏料之間可以任意調配使用,若要稀釋時只要加少許清水即可。丙烯顏料在水分揮發(fā)后即干透,因此作畫時對程序要心中有數(shù),以使筆觸銜接自然,達到預想效果。
1、草綠:約70%花青+30%藤黃調配而成,畫工筆花卉的葉子最常用的色彩之一。
2、汁綠:約80%藤黃+15%花青+5%朱磦調和成的嫩綠色,常用來作為反葉的底色和嫩葉的底色。
3、老綠:草綠中微加墨或微加點胭脂,常用來罩染處于暗部的葉子色彩,薄薄的老綠也可用來渲染反葉。
4、檀香色:約70%藤黃+20%朱磦+10%三綠調配而成,加大量水以后常用來刷背景,也可作為嫩芽和托葉的底色。
5、米黃:約70%藤黃+30%赭石,主要用來刷背景,在重彩畫的繪制中打一層米黃底色容易取得色彩和諧。
6、三綠:石綠+白色而得,白色加的越多則就變成四綠、五綠等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。
7、老赭:朱磦+墨調和而成,接近熟褐色。常用來提染枝干或提染葉面被蟲咬蝕的部分。
8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水調和而成。主要用來復勒線條,曙紅水、花青水等說法同理
9、豆綠色(三綠+藤黃+少許酞青藍)
10、墨紅色(曙紅+稍許墨)
11、赭綠色(赭石+草綠)。
12、古銅色(朱磦+墨+少許藤黃+少許曙紅)
13、汁綠色(草綠+藤黃+少許朱磦)
14、灰綠色(三綠+少許墨)
15、芽綠色(汁綠+藤黃)
16、米黃色(藤黃+朱磦+少許墨)
17、桔黃色(藤黃+朱磦)
18、墨青色(花青+墨)
19、藏青藍(酞青藍+墨+少許石青)
20、絳紅色(胭脂+朱磦+少許墨)
21、紫色(曙紅+少許酞青藍)
22、墨綠色(草綠+少許墨)
23、老綠色(草綠+少許胭脂)
24、翠綠色(酞青藍+藤黃+少許翡翠綠)
25、褐色(赭石+墨)
26、檀香色(藤黃+朱磦+少許三綠)
27、藍灰色(花青+白粉+少許三青)
28、豆沙色(胭脂+朱磦+少許花青)
29、土紅色(朱磦+少許胭脂)
30、青綠色(草綠+少許酞青藍)
31、四綠色(三綠+白色)
32、胭脂水(胭脂+大量水)
33、青灰色(花青+少許墨+白色)
34、藍色(酞青藍+三青)
35、朱紅色(朱磦+曙紅)
36、紫青色(胭脂+少許酞青藍)
推薦顏料
目前,書畫店中所售的國畫顏料,從包裝方式上也有兩種:一種是傳統(tǒng)手工制作的小紙盒包裝的顏料片,質量較好,且加過膠,只要用水化開即可使用。另一種是顏料廠制作的鉛管包裝的顏料,擠出來即可使用,但質量不如片制顏料。初學繪畫,多使用后一種。
初學者選擇馬利、櫻花牌(櫻花無沉淀更細膩)都可以。馬利黃色包裝的可能會有顆粒沉淀,藍色盒子的顏料更細膩一點。要求高一點的可以去買吉祥牌,另外一開始不建議你們入瓶裝或紙包的礦物質顏料,又燒錢又染色時掌握不好比較難出效果。(比如姜思序堂)
宣紙
寫意畫選生宣,工筆畫選熟宣,生宣紙又分棉皮,凈皮,特皮,檀皮含量多少而定。檀皮量多則是特皮,適合大寫意,洇墨厲害,多畫于山水畫,更能突顯水墨意境。小寫意用凈皮,適應畫花鳥畫,墨色濃淡相宜好掌握。
畫國畫的宣紙和卡紙都有生宣,孰宣之分,不同的是著色潤染效果。寫意畫用宣紙畫更能突顯墨韻感,意境??垥炄拘Ч患吧m應畫小寫意,濃淡相宜,墨色恰到好處。用卡紙可以畫花鳥畫,宣紙畫山水畫,卡紙一個好處是畫好了不用裱畫直接裝框。
用宣紙畫畫的時可以重復疊色,而卡紙不行潤染幾次就會起毛邊,所以形要準,著色一遍而過。涂背景時也是如此,不適應反復上色,深淺掌握好,兩遍而過。初學者適合用宣紙畫,花鳥畫,山水畫畫個一遍,熟練生巧后換卡紙畫。
推薦用紙
與中國畫筆墨最為匹配的載體無疑要首推安徽徑縣出產(chǎn)的宣紙,這種紙在發(fā)揮中國畫筆墨表現(xiàn)力方面很強,物理性能穩(wěn)定。
徽州的宣紙最好,品牌有很多,名牌的初學者不適用,一般的就可以。除了紅星,雙鹿,汪同王的宣紙很好用,墨潤效果還不錯。用宣紙畫畫外還可以嘗試用卡紙畫畫,不用裱畫,直接裝框就好。
在選擇熟宣紙時一定要慎重,好紙不一定白,太白說明增白劑太多,不利久藏;好的熟宣紙紙白但不刺眼,反光柔和,紙內不能有草梗、沙粒、裂口、洞眼及其他附著物。
生宣紙
熟宣紙
鎮(zhèn)紙
作畫時維鎮(zhèn)紙是中國古代傳統(tǒng)工藝品。指寫字作畫時用以壓紙的東西,常見的多為長方條形,因故也稱作鎮(zhèn)尺、壓尺。
鎮(zhèn)紙的材質多種多樣,以玉、瓷、竹、木、鐵、銅居多,上面通常雕刻有蘭、菊、梅、竹并配以詩句的圖案,也有動物和人物的立體形象。
推薦鎮(zhèn)紙
現(xiàn)在市場上有各種各樣的鎮(zhèn)紙,可以根據(jù)自己的需求購買。
1、Noritake則武宮崎駿龍貓TOTORO站立水晶鎮(zhèn)紙
2、青云筆社小鵝鎮(zhèn)秦陵水禽系列鎮(zhèn)紙
3、弘可手工鑄鐵小貓咪鎮(zhèn)紙
4、臻言粉蓮水晶鎮(zhèn)紙
5、御寶閣純手工景德鎮(zhèn)手繪陶瓷鎮(zhèn)紙
手工繪制的陶瓷鎮(zhèn)紙有兩款可選,一個是葫蘆蟋蟀,還有是墨趣。
6、臻言加重款國畫藍圖方鎮(zhèn)紙
7、臻言原創(chuàng)加重款云山書畫鎮(zhèn)紙
筆洗
筆洗是一種傳統(tǒng)工藝品,屬于文房四寶筆、墨、紙、硯之外的一種文房用具,是用來盛水洗筆的器皿,以形制乖巧、種類繁多、雅致精美而廣受青睞,傳世的筆洗中,有很多是藝術珍品。筆洗有很多種質地,包括瓷、玉、瑪瑙、琺瑯、象牙和犀角等,基本都屬于名貴材質。各種筆洗中,最常見的是瓷筆洗。
筆洗的作用是可以潤筆,在繪畫中,許多用水特技都是靠筆洗來實現(xiàn)。
初學者預算不夠可以隨便找個水桶代替。推薦幾個筆洗的店鋪榮寶齋、寶霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、賦比興等。
毛氈
制作書畫氈的材料主要是羊毛或化纖,因材料和工藝的差別,而產(chǎn)出各式各樣的書畫氈。
用它襯在宣紙下面,防止畫畫時的墨汁、顏色等滲透到宣紙背面的桌面上、進而污染宣紙,弄得畫面上一塌糊涂;襯了毛氈,因為毛氈不吸水,就不會發(fā)生上述現(xiàn)象了。畫國畫用的毛氈在國畫用品商店里有售,大小不一,根據(jù)自己的畫幅大小選購。
初學者用一塊常見的帶有米字格的書畫氈就差不多,市面上這類書畫氈有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。
購買之前,務必看清楚毛氈的大小。然后看毛氈上米字格的大小,一般毛氈上的格子大小為10厘米,小一點的毛氈的格子可能是9厘米的??梢钥春穸?,以這種印有米字格的書畫氈來說,質量特別次的毛氈都不會太厚,有時候墨汁太多還真有可能透過去。厚度2毫米以上的毛氈,對于國畫初學者來說就夠了。
如果要畫大幅的作品,那就需要買大的厚的毛氈,更大更厚的毛氈托墨性能和吸墨能力更強,顯然也更合適。
硯臺
硯臺是用來磨墨和裝墨汁的,初學者可用小碟子代替用來裝墨。如果想擁有更好的硯臺可以選購妙峰牌徐公硯。
其他
紙膠帶/水膠帶:繃宣紙用的;
噴壺:繃絹、做特殊效果時會使用;
底紋筆/底紋刷:用來刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很軟才行;
美工釘、盤子(調色用)。
國畫技法
國畫技法的主要有構思、構圖、用筆、用墨、設色、收拾等方面,其中用筆用墨為最基本的技法)。
構思——又叫立意,即作畫之前的形象思維過程。
構圖——即六法中的“經(jīng)營位置”,又叫置陳布勢等。亦即畫面各種物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。
用筆——即六法中的“骨法用筆”,有線描、勾勒、皴、擦、點染,筆用中鋒、逆鋒、藏鋒、露鋒、拖筆、破點等。
用墨——經(jīng)歷代畫家發(fā)展有:焦、濃、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各種墨色,運用時須各得其所。又有潑墨、破墨(即濃淡相生)等具體技法。
設色——白描:不設色,全用線條表現(xiàn),或僅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工筆重彩、勾勒填色、大青綠等。淡彩:以墨色為主調,敷以淡彩色。沒骨:純用色彩畫,并不勾線。(純用墨點染,不溝勒的亦叫沒骨。)
收拾——畫成以后再作整體收拾,使全畫最后達到氣韻生動的境界。
筆墨
中國畫表現(xiàn)形象的基本手段。我國歷代畫家在長期歷史發(fā)展的過程中,已經(jīng)形成了一套完整的筆墨技法和創(chuàng)造技巧。
筆墨表現(xiàn)形式
有白描、工筆、寫其細部,整個畫面純用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描——用細線勾畫出物象輪廓及其細部,整個畫面純用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。
白描從線條的粗細可分三類:較粗的線條叫琴弦,較細的線條叫鐵線,極細的線條叫游絲。工筆畫常常用這幾種線條來表現(xiàn)作品,釘頭鼠尾描、蘭葉描、高古游絲描、鐵線描、行云流水描。不論采用哪種線描,都突“寫”字,使每一條線具有書法氣韻。
工筆——勾勒細膩精巧的叫工筆,工即工整工細之意,敷色也層也渲染,顯得渾厚濃重。
工筆畫是通過線條去觀察、反映事物的,根據(jù)事物在輪廓和外表上的明確特征來了解事物。線條連綿不斷、細密均勻,貫穿著整個事物形體的始終,表現(xiàn)出蓬勃靈動而精工逼真的視覺外貌。因此,線條成為畫面的統(tǒng)領者,其視覺觀察的方式是客觀而具體的。
寫意——只寫物象的大意,用筆簡練流暢,筆墨自然,不用色的寫意畫,又稱“水墨畫”。
勾勒著色——亦稱“單線平涂”。它用筆先勾出物象邊線,中間用墨或用色平涂。
粗細相間——亦稱“兼工帶寫”。它比工筆要粗,比寫意要工。
粗中有細——如花草畫得粗,但繞花飛動的小蟲、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等則畫得很細。
沒骨法——一般不用墨線勾輪廓。
潑墨法——是沒骨法的擴展,用大塊墨色,再運用自然形成的濃淡,加上較細的筆道,有的地方還露出飛白,這樣才見精神。
界畫——一部或大部分用直尺畫墨線組成的畫,主要表現(xiàn)莊嚴雄韋的建筑物,如宮殿、廟宇、樓閣、亭臺、水榭等,以及整齊精致的家具陳設等。
設色
設色即六法中的“隨類賦彩”。不同的色彩賦不同的感情,畫家往往用色彩來表達他的感情。中國畫常用的顏色有墨、藤黃、石黃、土黃、胭脂、洋紅、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分頭青、二青、三青等三種)、石綠(也分頭綠、二綠、三綠等三種),白粉等。但基本顏色只有紅、黃、藍三種,即洋紅、藤黃和花青。把上面的顏色加以配合,可以調出許多種顏色來。
墨彩
工筆花鳥畫中配彩法的一種。即對形象勾線或不勾線,完全用墨的濃淡來表現(xiàn)的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅為佳,因它用濃墨的面積不宜過大、過多,因為重墨多易使畫面產(chǎn)生沉濁之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使?jié)獾嘁?,才具有清新神韻的效果?/p>
淡彩
工筆花鳥畫中配彩法的一種。即先墨彩的方法把對象畫到八九分,然后用淡薄的色彩稍作渲染的叫淡彩。淡彩要做到色不礙墨、墨不離色,既能融合一體,又能顯示墨的韻味,才能產(chǎn)生一種淡雅、樸素的效果。
粉彩
工筆花鳥畫中配彩法的一種。在表現(xiàn)方法上多用于勾染和沒骨。在顏色運用上以植物顏色和白粉為主,以水彩和淡薄的礦物質色為輔。粉彩勾線切忌用一色的濃墨,而要施淡墨為主。因為墨絲過濃和粉彩相并,則容易顯得枯僵,缺乏妍麗。調粉的色彩不宜過厚,但也不能太淡薄,過淡則無神,要做到薄中見厚。粉彩用粉是重要關鍵。粉和色要用到暈化自然,不露粉痕,不顯料氣,干凈滋潤,才能發(fā)揮粉彩鮮明嬌麗的特點。
重彩
工筆花鳥畫中配彩法的一種。重彩勾勒勾染的方法,并以服務態(tài)度和物質色為主,因用色比較厚重,所以色感較富麗帶有裝飾性稱為重彩。重彩渲染要作到薄中見厚,厚中生津,染不露痕,深淺自然。切忌臟、花、斑、枯、火、膩等。這些毛病多出于順序不對,用筆不輕順,用色過厚或厚薄不勻?!?/p>
線描
中國民族繪畫的主要造型手段。是構成中國畫民族風格的一個要素。線描是運用線的輕重、濃淡、粗細、方圓、轉折、頓挫、虛實、長短、干濕、剛柔、疾徐等不同的筆法來表現(xiàn)物象的體積、形態(tài)、質感、量感和運動感的一種方法。它不著顏色,有時可有一些淡墨來略加渲染,具有獨特的表現(xiàn)形式和造型規(guī)律,并富有韻味。用線的變化,要與造型的形式美緊密相連。其線或剛健、或婀娜、或輕靈、或凝重,由于用筆多變遂產(chǎn)生極為豐富的感覺。中國畫用線造型的歷史悠久,通過歷代畫家的長期實踐和不斷地創(chuàng)造,積累了大量的極為豐富的線描技法經(jīng)驗,僅畫人物衣褶的描法就有“十八描”。
用線描來造型的特點是清晰、簡練、富有裝飾性,可以完美地刻劃各種現(xiàn)象,表現(xiàn)出千變萬化的各種物象的新的生命。
白描
中國畫中完全用線條來表現(xiàn)物象的稱“白描”。白描有單勾和復勾兩種。用線一次成的單勾。單勾有用一色墨勾成的,也有根據(jù)不同對象用濃淡兩種墨勾成的,例如花用淡墨勾,葉用濃墨勾。復勾是先用淡墨全部勾好,然后根據(jù)表面具體情況決定復勾一部分或全部。復勾的線不能依原路的線刻板地重迭地勾一道。復勾的目的,是加重質感和濃淡的變化,使物象顯得更有神彩。復勾的線必須流暢自然,更防止受原線路的約束,否則復勾的線很易呆板。物象的形、神、光、色、體積、質感等關系就靠線條來表現(xiàn),從某咱意義上說來,它比別的畫法更不易掌握。白描要特別注意“樸素簡潔”、“概括明確”的特點。在構圖上的取舍力求單純,對虛實、疏密要偏重于對比較強烈的安排,層次要分明,在線的處理上要帶有裝飾性、旋律性,防止碎亂、呆板、松散等毛病。
劉公華白描仕女圖
皴法
國畫表現(xiàn)技法之一。早期山水畫的主要表現(xiàn)手法,是以線條勾勒輪廓,然后敷色。隨著繪畫的發(fā)展,為了表現(xiàn)山石樹木的脈絡紋路和(凸凹),因地質的結構不同,表現(xiàn)在山岳的外形上也各不相同。
石濤深山秋水圖
皴法的種類
一般有(1)披麻皴、(2)亂麻皴、(3)芝麻皴、(4)大斧劈、(5)小斧劈皴、(6)卷云皴、(7)雨點皴(雨雪皴)、(8)彈渦皴、(9)荷葉皴、(10)礬頭皴、(11)骷髏皴、(12)鬼皮皴、(13)解索皴、(14)、亂柴皴、(15)牛毛皴、(16)馬牙皴、(17)斫皴、(18)點錯皴;(19)豆瓣皴、(20)刺梨皴(豆瓣皴之變)、(21)破網(wǎng)皴、(22)折帶皴、(23)泥里撥釘皴、(24)拖泥帶水皴、(25)金碧皴、(26)沒骨皴、(27)直擦皴、(28)橫擦皴等。
墨法
古人說“墨即是色”,濃淡水墨可代替各種色彩。用墨要有濃淡干濕,只干不濕太瘠枯,只濕不干太臃腫,濃淡干濕結合起來,變化多,生動而有氣韻。
用墨之法
一般有焦墨、積墨、破墨、擂墨等。焦墨是一種磨得極濃的墨,用焦墨的旁邊須有濃淡墨為之暈渾,否則焦墨孤立,難見筆意。
積墨:用濃墨和淡墨連敷幾次,有一種深厚的味道。
破墨:先用淡墨上紙,趁濕用濕墨加上,化出奇紗的韻味。擰在紙上捺轉,略似魚鱗,由濃漸淡,參差不齊,謂之擂墨。所以用墨和用筆不分不開的。
用筆六要
一要自然有力,切忌呆滯。
二要變化而有聯(lián)系,要將粗、細、濃、淡、長、短、橫、直、干、濕、輕、重根據(jù)物象參差需用,既有變化,還要互相聯(lián)系。
三要蒼老而滋潤,蒼老就顯出含蓄的筆力,用筆光滑就顯得雅嫩,過于蒼老亦易枯燥,故須在蒼老中滋潤,也就是干濕并用。
四要松靈而凝煉,松靈比自然更進一步,要活潑輕松有生趣,切忌油滑、輕浮,輕松之中要有重厚,凝練是一筆畫去到盡端有回鋒。
五要剛柔相濟,即在輕柔中有骨力。所謂“線棉裹鐵”才能穩(wěn)厚,剛健的鋒中要參以巧運,“扛鼎中有嫵媚?!惫室还P中要能剛健婀娜兼有之。
六要巧拙互用,用筆樸質顯得老實,故要在巧筆中夾幾筆拙,在拙筆中夾幾筆巧,應巧拙互用,方為得法。
國畫筆法
講基本運筆技法之前我們要先了解握筆的姿勢。
國畫的筆法有六種,分別是中鋒、側鋒、逆鋒、拖鋒、折釵股與屋漏痕、飛白鋒。
中鋒
中鋒即錐形毛筆筆尖在毛筆的運行過程中,始終處在用筆的中心位置。中鋒用筆是中國畫用筆方法的首要特征。其特點是:筆力飽滿,內涵豐富。外柔內剛,極富表現(xiàn)力。
側鋒
側鋒的執(zhí)筆是把筆管橫臥或傾斜。與紙成各種角度,筆尖不在墨線中間,筆尖在墨線一側,并出現(xiàn)飛白的效果。
逆鋒
逆鋒是相對于正手位置順行方向的反方向毛筆運行方法。逆鋒運筆阻力增大,筆鋒聚散,松緊變化不同于順筆意味。特點是筆力剛硬,力透紙背,但缺少柔勁。不可常用,適可而止。
露鋒
于藏鋒的運筆剛好相反,它以筆尖著紙,故意露出筆鋒,收筆時漸行漸提筆桿。以這種筆法畫出的線條靈活而飄逸。
藏鋒
筆鋒要藏而不露,畫出的線條才沉著含蓄,力透紙背。
順鋒
運筆與逆鋒相反,采用拖筆運行,畫出的線條輕快流暢、靈秀活潑。
擴展資料
所謂筆法,寫字作畫用筆的方法,即中國畫特有的用線方法。中國書畫主要都以線條表現(xiàn),所用工具都是尖鋒毛筆,要使書畫的線條點畫富有變化,必先講究執(zhí)筆,在運筆時掌握輕重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,稱為“筆法”。
國畫有著自己明顯的特征,講究“氣韻生動”,不拘泥于物體外表的肖似,而多強調抒發(fā)作者的主觀情趣。中國畫講求“以形寫神”,追求一種“妙在似與不似之間”的感覺。
講究筆墨神韻,筆法要求:平、圓、留、重、變。墨法要求墨分五色,焦、濃、重、淡、清。
講究“骨法用筆”,不講究焦點透視,不強調環(huán)境對于物體的光色變化的影響。
講究空白的布置和物體的“氣勢”。
國畫分科
國畫總分為工筆和寫意兩種,大致又分工筆花鳥,工筆山水,工筆人物,寫意花鳥,寫意山水,寫意人物等。寫意用生宣,工筆用熟宣,也有半生不熟的紙可以畫一些兼工帶寫。
國畫的細分科按形式分,工筆,寫意;工筆講究“工”,用筆細致,需要細細勾勒反復渲染的;寫意講“意”,用筆灑脫,以形寫神,一筆到位。按題材分,人物、花鳥、山水。
工筆
工筆畫步驟
起稿
可用鉛筆在圖畫紙上對臨起稿,或直接拷貝臨本,用HB鉛筆將畫稿拷貝到絹或熟宣紙上,鉛筆線要輕、淡。也可直接把畫稿拷貝到白紙上,特別是用絹畫時,這樣可以避免畫稿變形,鉛筆線以繃稿后看清為準。
也可以去買個拷貝臺,把起好的稿子或打印的圖紙放在拷貝臺上,再把熟宣/絹蒙在上面拷貝,這樣拷貝的圖精確度稍高一點。畫熟練了就可以直接用勾線筆上墨線了!
繃稿
要求:先在畫板上裱貼一張白紙,待干后將絹或熟宣紙繃到畫板上。具體繃絹步驟可以看這個:如何繃娟
所需材料:圖釘、漿糊、水。
1、首先,把框子裝好,然后把絹放在框子上擺好。
2、然后,在絹的一頭按上圖釘,另一邊噴水,慢慢展開。
3、噴濕后慢慢調整,差不多了可以涂漿糊,繼續(xù)調整。不要特別緊,因為絹干了也會收縮,另外絹本身有織的紋路,拉扯變形了就不好了。
4、然后把最后一條邊涂上漿糊,折好。絹的外部也可以再涂一層漿糊。
5、等干了就可以上色了,看看效果。
注意事項:
1、草稿:使用鉛筆打草稿,紙張不要求。
2、過稿:將草稿放置在拷貝臺上,上面覆一層熟宣,使用勾線筆(花枝俏、小葉筋等均可)將畫稿勾在宣紙上,這樣的作品稱為白描。
3、渲:在畫好的草稿上用墨來表現(xiàn)畫面的明暗,方法是:使用兩支較大的筆(一般為大白云)一支蘸墨,一支蘸水,先點墨,在墨沒干之前用水渲開,造成一個自然的過渡。
4、染:方法和渲的步驟差不多,不過使用的是國畫顏料,這一步較為麻煩。為了讓色彩更加均勻厚實,一般要進行多次,有“三礬九染”之說。
勾線
勾線的用筆方法分為中鋒和側鋒,工筆人物畫中以中鋒為主。
中鋒:中鋒即錐形毛筆筆尖在毛筆的運行過程中,始終處在用筆的中心位置。中鋒用筆是中國畫用筆方法的首要特征。其特點是:筆力飽滿,內涵豐富。外柔內剛,極富表現(xiàn)力。中鋒線圓潤、渾厚、勻整,并且有彈性。也要注意墨線的濃墨變化,適當時加入清水調試。
側鋒:側鋒的執(zhí)筆是把筆管橫臥或傾斜。與紙成各種角度,筆尖不在墨線中間,筆尖在墨線一側,并出現(xiàn)飛白的效果。
勾線用筆的起止很重要,每一條線無論長短都必須有起筆、行筆、收筆三個過程。要求“起筆藏鋒、運筆中鋒、收筆回鋒”,這是線描的主要技法要點。畫人物和花鳥都需要了解勾線技巧。
著染
傳統(tǒng)工筆畫的著染方法總體來說可以分為分染、罩染、勾填等方法,分染和罩染是傳統(tǒng)工筆人物畫和花鳥中最常用的技法。山水的話還要用到“皴”的技法,以體現(xiàn)山脈特有的肌理。
分染:是把平面的線描按其結構、紋理用色或墨渲染出一定的層次和體積關系。分染時,準備一支筆蘸色,一支筆蘸清水把顏色均勻地烘淡。分染法采用分層疊加的方法進行設色,它的優(yōu)點是色彩厚重飽和,層次變化豐富,表現(xiàn)力強。
罩染:繪畫,在著色時,先鋪底,后罩色,這種方法就叫罩染。一般是先用渲染法鋪上底色,顏色應厚重一些,可以層層復加。由深到淡,要表現(xiàn)出其明暗、層次。再根據(jù)需要再平涂一二次翠色,顏色要淡薄。底色和罩色的選擇要根據(jù)所繪物體本身的特點,目的是使二者相得益彰,產(chǎn)生厚重、鮮明、復雜、豐富的色彩效果。畫山水用水墨皴染,可罩染花青和赭石等。
背染:在絹的背面襯色以使正面的顏色更厚重,豐富畫面層次。背面使用的是平涂的方法,植物色和礦物色均可。這幾個步驟應該是交替進行的,要想畫的細膩,這些動作可能要重復很多遍。
復勾
有些地方染完顏色后,之前勾線的部分變得不是很明顯了,需要重新勾一遍。這時候勾千萬要注意濃淡,顏色重了容易生硬呆板匠氣,線條盡量保持流暢,畢竟是附在最上面的。
刷膠礬水
為了防止熟絹跑礬,在設色之前,要在絹的背面刷一遍膠礬水。古人把膠礬稱作“伐絹之斧”。未刷膠礬水的絹和宣紙,稱作生絹、生宣,是畫寫意畫的材料。刷過膠礬水的絹和宣紙,其性能發(fā)生了改變,稱之為熟絹、熟宣,適合畫工筆畫。
1、膠礬水有制作熟絹、固定顏色、保護畫面的作用。
膠:黃明膠,又名廣膠,顆粒狀的效果比較好。使用時用冷水泡上幾分鐘,去掉浮灰,加入熱水攪拌,膠粒全部溶解后即可,但不能用開水,開水會使粘度降低。
礬:又稱明礬,主要產(chǎn)自安徽廬江,頭天用涼水浸泡,第二天用。
2、膠礬水的混合比一般7:3較為適當,礬大膠小,染墨色時會顏色板滯、難以染勻。膠大礬小則會出現(xiàn)滑筆,墨、色易脫落等問題。
3、刷膠礬水,刷膠礬水的環(huán)境最好在溫度25度左右的晴天,溫度過低膠礬會很快凝固,不易刷勻。
裝裱
古語有云:“三分字畫,七分裱”,精致的裝裱工藝不僅可以使字畫得到更好的保護,同時也能起到烘托字畫,突出神韻的作用。書畫裝裱的步驟一般是先用紙托裱在繪畫作品的背后,再用絞、絹、紙等鑲邊,然后安裝軸桿成卷軸或者裝框條成鏡框。傳統(tǒng)的裝裱是多種多樣的,但其成品按形制可分為掛軸,手卷,冊頁三大類。原裱的繪畫不論畫心的大小、形狀、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱畫心、鑲覆、砑裝三個步驟。
第一步:觀察字畫
揣摩原作的氣度,以利于更好地選擇裝裱材料烘托原作氣質。
第二步:托裱畫心
1、將畫心反鋪在干凈的畫案上,用噴壺在畫心背面均勻噴灑水花;
2、待畫心潮潤且平整得貼附在畫案上時,用排筆在畫心背面均勻刷漿;
3、一手持特制的裝裱棕刷,一手持略大于畫心的托紙,對齊一邊,用棕刷自上而下排掃托紙,逐漸使整張托紙平整貼附于畫心背面;
4、用手指在托紙邊緣均勻抹上漿糊;
5、待畫心略干后,輕輕揭起,轉貼至掙墻晾干。
第三步:鑲條
1、待畫心干透,用裁刀將其從墻面取下,裁去托紙不整齊的邊角部分;
2、在畫心四角均勻抹漿,鑲上助條;
3、在助條邊緣抹漿,鑲上邊條。
第四步:覆背
在已鑲條的畫作后重復第二個步驟。
第五步:裝框
已制成的畫作如需裝框則在畫作干透后進行平整,鑲裝畫框;如做成卷軸,則應在畫作上下裝上天桿和地桿,并牽上掛繩,拴入絳色絲帶。
注意事項
一般的裝裱能夠收藏的是手工的,漿糊的質量也是收藏時間的保證。裱畫的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不僅黏稠度和透明度有所差別,并且在熬制時還要加入一些防治蠹蟲的配料
推薦臨摹書籍
人物
白描:《八十七神仙卷》練線描這一本完全夠了。如果覺得難度大的,可以進行局部練習。
工筆設色
《簪花仕女圖》、韓熙載夜宴圖、《虢國夫人游春圖》、《搗練圖》、《洛神賦圖》等
《簪花仕女圖》局部
《虢國夫人游春圖》局部
花鳥
宋代小品、宋徽宗、陳老蓮花鳥集。
山水
山水小品、《千里江山圖》、長橋臥波圖、馬遠夏圭。
寫意
國畫的一種畫法,用筆不苛求工細,注重神態(tài)的表現(xiàn)和抒發(fā)作者內心的情感。最初起源于繪畫,興起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蘊涵和寄寓,讓"象"具有表意功能或成為表意的手段。
分類
寫意畫分為小寫意和大寫意,所謂的小寫意,更傾向于水墨畫法寫物象之實,上接元人墨花墨禽的傳統(tǒng);而所謂的大寫意,更傾向于以水墨畫法表現(xiàn)畫家的主觀感情,繼承的是宋元的文人墨戲傳統(tǒng)。
欣賞寫意畫
畫寫意首先要練審美。培養(yǎng)對美的感受力,學會欣賞。要對中國美術史上這些大量的作品進行閱讀,至少要知道什么是經(jīng)典什么是真的美。
古代寫意畫
現(xiàn)代寫意畫
繪畫步驟
白菜、蘿卜畫法
①用中號長鋒狼毫或羊毫調淡墨畫菜的葉柄,趁濕馬上蘸較濃墨畫出菜根和根須。換用一支大號羊毫斗筆調淡墨畫菜葉,注意筆腹含水要飽滿,根據(jù)菜葉的結構、方向,分幾筆畫出菜葉,每筆菜葉的墨團形狀大小濃淡要稍有區(qū)別,不能畫成一樣。筆與筆之間要注意銜接,既不能讓它們模棱模糊,又不能搞得支離破碎。趁濕用長鋒小狼毫勾出菜葉上的葉脈。
②用同一支筆蘸濃墨以中鋒畫縛菜的草束。要掌握畫草束的時間,遲了葉柄水分已干,畫上去的草束就會浮起來。如果太早,草束的墨色會漫糊開來,影響其質感??傊蓾竦卯?,滲化適度。
③根據(jù)紅蘿卜的圓形結構,用一支干凈的短鋒羊毫筆蘸胭脂調合一下,分左右兩筆畫出蘿卜的球莖。同時注意適當?shù)卦谥虚g留些空白,以表現(xiàn)蘿卜的高光,然后又用較深的顏色點須畫根。再用同一支筆洗一下,蘸朱磦底畫胡蘿卜。為了加強胡蘿卜的質感,可在朱磦底里調點胭脂。畫時,同樣要注意胡蘿卜的造型特點,依據(jù)結構運筆。
④再用同一支筆洗凈后蘸藤黃加花青調成汁綠。為了色調和諧,可在汁綠里再少量調點朱磦底,畫出紅蘿卜葉柄的基部,然后又添畫上小小的蘿卜葉。兩片蘿卜的葉子要注意稍分濃淡。最后用中羊毫筆調赭墨畫上蘑菇,畫時同樣要注意幾只蘑菇的不同方向和前后層次。
牽牛花畫法
①先畫藤蔓:用長鋒小狼毫筆調淡墨去畫,用筆要懸腕中鋒,輕快舒緩之中見遒勁,墨色要稍有變化,筆尖含水要干一點,以表現(xiàn)枝蔓的堅韌柔軟。枝蔓是全畫的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置經(jīng)營。
②次畫葉子:用短鋒大羊毫筆調次濃墨去畫,注意在蘸墨時要使筆頭各部位含墨含水分量不同,這樣一筆下去葉片即有濃淡變化。畫葉要依據(jù)牽?;ㄈ~片特點,每葉分三筆畫成。點葉要注意疏密大小和方向的區(qū)別。
③用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨勾出葉脈。換用一支干凈的短鋒中羊毫筆,用胭脂加花青調成紫紅色畫花冠。牽牛花花冠上部色深,基部呈白色,因此用筆時要根據(jù)這個特點在花心留出空白,花型要圓潤,色澤要飽滿。兩朵花要分濃淡。又蘸較深的花色點出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾與主花間的呼應。
④用三綠加一點藤黃,調成淡綠色染花蕊底色,趁濕又用短鋒羊毫調藤黃加白,一筆畫上花蕊。然后用長鋒小狼毫蘸濃墨畫上花托,又添上濃濃淡淡的藤蔓,使全畫完整起來。最后略加苔點,使畫面增添變化。
花球畫法
①先畫花球:用長鋒小狼毫調淡墨逐個勾出組成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分濃淡,花形要有變化,使花球有立體感。接著用短鋒大羊毫調成濃綠蘸墨分組畫上葉子。
②用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨勾葉脈。勾時把葉子分成上下兩組,上邊一組的葉脈墨色較深,下面一組葉子的葉脈用墨稍淡,以分出前后兩組的層次。換用一支長鋒狼毫筆調淡墨畫枝干。隨畫隨加濃墨,用較干的墨色去畫較小的枝干。
③再用較淡的綠添畫幾筆嫩葉,增加葉子的又一個層次。接著用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨畫出花球里的花柄,用墨要較干,使?jié)庵氐哪r托出潔凈的花球。接著在葉間添畫一團掩藏著的花球,方法與前同。
④最后用長鋒羊毫筆調藤黃加三綠。淡淡地染上花色。趁濕用藤黃調朱磦底點花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立體感,又要注意花色的潔凈。
枇杷畫法
①用大號斗筆浸些清水,又擠去筆肚里過多的水分,乘濕蘸上墨,稍微在調色盆里調合一下。注意不要調得太"熟",使筆肚中含的墨色濃淡不勻方好。這時開始順筆畫葉子,隨畫又要隨時蘸點水,使畫上去的幾片葉子既有濃淡的變化,又有滋潤豐厚的感覺。
②淡墨中鋒勾出枇杷輪廓,注意用筆的圓正,以表現(xiàn)枇杷果實的立體感。接著用濃墨畫完枝干。待葉子略干,換一支葉筋筆蘸上濃墨趁潮在葉子上勾出葉脈。勾葉脈時,筆端要稍干些,可用廢紙把筆上蘸的墨吸去少許后再勾。前后幾片葉子的葉脈要分濃淡,故畫后面葉子時,可調點清水后去畫,但注意筆端仍須稍干,以免漫糊。
③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干凈的羊毫筆蘸藤黃調點朱磦上枇杷圓形的結構用筆,以表現(xiàn)枇把的立體感。
④趁色尚濕,用濃墨點上果蒂。果蒂要點得稍大,用筆稍重,使筆尖稍微叉開,以表現(xiàn)枇杷蒂毛茸茸的質感。最后用調進少許藤黃的淡螺青點染枝干,加上苔點,使畫面更豐富完整。
玉蘭畫法
①先畫花瓣:用長鋒小狼毫筆調淡墨色花瓣。墨色要潔凈,用筆要爽快。為表現(xiàn)玉蘭花瓣比較厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之際,再在瓣尖上加上小小的兩點濃墨。接著用短鋒大羊毫筆調淡墨染花底,染時要見筆。
②趁濕用短鋒狼毫蘸濃墨點花蕊,花蕊的墨色會在剛染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍滲開。又用長鋒大狼毫蘸濃墨畫主干。用墨要稍干,用筆要蒼勁,使枝干與潔白圓潤的花瓣產(chǎn)生強烈的對比。然后再蘸清水化成次濃墨畫橫臥著的另一組枝干,畫時要注意整幅畫面的氣勢。趁濕再用濃墨點苔。
③接著調淡墨畫花蕾和花托。畫花蕾不僅要強調與主體花冠的呼應,還應配合整幅畫的全局氣勢?;ɡ倥c枝干的連接要合理,要符合玉蘭的生長規(guī)律。④趁濕趕緊在花托上用小狼毫筆蘸濃墨點絨毛斑點。這一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再畫,否則無論如何也畫不出花托絨毛這種茸茸的感覺。最后點苔收拾整理。
推薦臨摹書籍
山水
董源《瀟湘圖》、巨然《萬壑松風圖》、李成《寒林平野圖》、范寬《溪山行旅圖》、郭熙《早春圖》、李唐《萬壑松風圖》、馬遠《踏歌圖》《寒江獨釣》、夏圭《溪山清遠圖》、黃公望《富春山居圖》、倪瓚、吳鎮(zhèn)《漁父圖》、王蒙《青卞隱居圖》、沈周、石濤、査士標。
花鳥
惲壽平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金農(nóng)、法常、趙孟頫、管道升、王冕、趙之謙、齊白石等畫家的花鳥作品。
人物
梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陳洪綬等畫家作品。
學習步驟
臨摹
臨摹是學習中國畫技法的一種便捷方法,對范畫可以先局部臨摹,也叫分解練習,然后再臨摹整幅作品,這樣可以學得深秀。臨摹盡量要象,“察之者尚精,擬之者貴似”,要通過臨摹反復體會其造型方法、用筆方法、墨色變化等。臨摹整幅作品時再體會構圖特點、主次虛實關系、層次關系、呼應關系、色調變化等等。從臨摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再試著進行變化和創(chuàng)造,心中就有數(shù)了。
臨摹的目的是學習、借鑒他人的技法。臨摹與寫生相較,寫生為主,臨摹為次,寫生是源,臨摹是流。
臨,把畫放在桌上,對著畫。摹,則是用一張透明的薄紙蓋在畫上,用筆墨描摹。摹畫也叫拓畫。臨摹要防止犯“結殼”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病。“結殼”,即是學習古人或老師的技法,而被之束縛,不能變化、發(fā)展。“游魂”,就是東學一點,西學一點,淺嘗輒止,不能融會貫通?!案接白印保粗荒芤蕾嚽叭说母遄踊蛞患乙慌傻拈T戶,一離開,便寸步難行,作不出畫。
臨摹要和默寫結合起來,中國畫的創(chuàng)作方法很重視默寫。提高默寫能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特點和規(guī)律及運筆用墨的規(guī)律。因此,臨摹一定要認真體會。
結合臨摹平時要注意多欣賞名家名作,可以反復欣賞品味,此外還要多參觀畫展,汲取各家之長,開闊眼界,開拓思路,豐富技法手段,提高修養(yǎng)。在觀摩和學習時可隨時記錄一下構圖、技法特點、題款內容和自己的感受。只要認真扎實地學習,肯定會有大的進步。
寫生
通過寫生可以進一步了解自然山水、花鳥和結構及動態(tài)規(guī)律,可以大量搜集創(chuàng)作素材,鍛煉造型能力,進一步豐富知識和繪畫技巧,在大自然中得到新鮮的感受。這是提高繪畫創(chuàng)作水平必不可少的重要環(huán)節(jié)。
寫生之前要多觀察、多分析。寫生的工具不必過于講究,鉛筆、鋼筆、毛筆都可以,紙張隨便,關鍵是要畫得嚴肅、認真。寫生的過程就是學習、觀察大自然的過程,達到搜集創(chuàng)作素材提高創(chuàng)作能力的目的。
畫外功
與繪畫技巧相適應,還需具備多方面的知識。如書法技巧和文學修養(yǎng)都需作相應的提高。這是培養(yǎng)審美觀念、增進鑒別能力的基礎。只有多讀書(小說、散文、詩歌及繪畫理論都需要讀)、勤練書法才能滿足學習繪畫的要求。練習書法不僅僅是為了適應題字落款的需要,更重要的是書法也是國畫的基本功。要通過練習書法,提高筆線的表現(xiàn)能力,加強墨暈的風骨,以書入畫格調情趣自然更高。
創(chuàng)作
初學國畫不必急于創(chuàng)作,應先在以上三方面打下扎實的基礎,苦練基本功。有了一定的基礎后,可以慢慢試著進行創(chuàng)作。
創(chuàng)作階段
第一階段可以參考資料,借助別人作品的造型或筆墨技法,按照自己的創(chuàng)作意圖去試著創(chuàng)作。這個階段也叫初級階段。通過這一階段可以初步摸索到創(chuàng)作方面的規(guī)律。
第二階段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以較自由地進行創(chuàng)作。這一階段是鞏固和靈活運用技法階段,通過這個階段的練習,可使技法更熟練,構圖變化更豐富。
第三階段——成熟階段。技法的成熟的標志不是按照一個模式的純熟,而是根據(jù)不同意境、感覺、情趣的要求不斷變化技法,體現(xiàn)出隨機應變、運用自如而又不斷創(chuàng)新。這一階段的追求是情趣的表現(xiàn)及創(chuàng)作內涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不為法度所束縛。以法作畫,千篇一律,以情作畫,變化萬千。這是高超的技法和高深修養(yǎng)的結合,是我們追求的目的。初學者只要得法,用功,是會達到這一目標的。
學國畫素材
花鳥素材
竹子
1、蘸淡墨勾畫竹葉,用相同的筆法畫出三片為一組的竹葉。依次增加葉子,注意竹葉方向、大小等要有變化,下筆時兩頭輕中間重。
2、淡墨勾畫竹子的主干,待半干后濃墨勾畫竹節(jié)。最后用淡墨勾畫竹子的分支。
牡丹
1、整筆蘸粉色,筆尖蘸曙紅畫花瓣,依次增加花瓣。畫出整朵花頭,注意整朵花的形狀要錯落有變。
2、整筆蘸粉色,筆尖蘸曙紅點出花苞,畫出左右相鄰的小花瓣。最后用淡綠色加胭脂畫出花尊。
3、整筆蘸淡綠色,筆尖蘸淡墨側鋒畫出整組牡丹葉子。濃墨勾葉筋,墨綠加胭脂畫枝條。
麻雀
1、蘸赭石加淡墨側鋒點出鳥的頭部,中鋒畫背羽,側鋒畫上下翅。濃墨點斑紋、飛羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨畫胸腹。
2、赭石加淡墨側鋒畫出頭部,中鋒畫背羽,側鋒畫上下翅,濃墨畫嘴,點眼睛。淡墨畫胸腹,濃墨點斑紋、飛羽和尾羽,濃墨中鋒畫腿,濃墨畫爪子。
小雞
1、蘸中墨側鋒畫出頭部,側鋒點出翅膀,隨后用干墨勾畫尾部。濃墨畫嘴和眼睛,淡墨畫胸部和大腿,待半干時用濃墨勾畫腳。
2、蘸濃墨,行側鋒畫出頭部,側鋒畫翅膀,淡墨畫胸部和大腿,最后濃墨勾畫嘴、腳。
翠鳥
1、蘸三青點出鳥的頭部,運側鋒畫出身子和上下翅。采濃墨畫嘴、尾羽、飛羽并點上眼睛。用鈦白點鳥身斑紋,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴與鳥爪,最后用藤黃染眼珠。
2、三青加花青點出頭部,用濃墨畫出眼睛并勾畫嘴巴,再畫出頭上的毛。三青加花青畫鳥毛,用淡赭石畫出腹部,濃墨勾畫輪廓,朱砂染嘴和勾畫鳥爪,藤黃染眼珠。
喜鵲
蘸濃墨勾畫嘴和眼睛,濃墨畫頭部和頸羽。蘸中墨側鋒行筆畫胸腹,畫背羽留白羽,濃墨畫翅羽,并為其添加尾羽。淡墨中鋒行筆畫胸腹,腿爪用濃墨勾畫,鵝黃染眼珠。
學國畫的好處
學國畫是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不僅能解放人的天性、給人帶來滿足感、成就感,而且還會在作品中實現(xiàn)對自我的肯定。
1、學國畫是人生良伴。人的一生分為很多階段,少年時,可以以畫言志;青壯年時,生活壓力巨大,可以以畫解壓;等到年過中年,孩子都已成家立業(yè),自己也臨近退休,內心難免會有孤獨之感,此時可以畫畫消遣。學國畫的人,隨著自己的文化積淀,藝術修養(yǎng)的不斷提升,他的畫作也如陳年老酒,愈發(fā)醇香,愈發(fā)動人。
2、學國畫能陶冶情操。學習國畫講求的是意境,講究內涵,真、善、美。通過筆墨抒發(fā)感情,培養(yǎng)藝術氣息,陶冶情操。藝術氣息會一直伴隨著你,生活中有了藝術,你會感覺到自己的世界都是帶著詩情畫意。
3、學國畫能提高審美。中國畫具有簡練、概括的特點,在學國畫時,注意力集中,執(zhí)筆、行筆要運氣用力,這樣就養(yǎng)成了良好的學習習慣,不僅可以培養(yǎng)學習能力、理解能力,而且還可以提高審美能力和學習興趣。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"學國畫是一件非常陶冶情操的事情,不僅能解放人的天性,給人帶來滿足感、成就感,而且還會在作品中實現(xiàn)對自我的肯定。學國畫的人,隨著自己的文化積淀、藝術修養(yǎng)的不斷提升,所作的畫作也如陳年老酒,愈發(fā)醇香,愈發(fā)動人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCwKdeaU2oYWQwxMHRQc7iL2nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqEmdewuQoIgmSxaSWqcdS3Pncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先要熟悉工具,選擇一套合適的工具來作畫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4IGdya6CoMGQgxhcABcLHvJnqH"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuAOdEcaCoYqoMxQLs5cTQPqn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"國畫使用的筆統(tǒng)稱為毛筆,根據(jù)制筆的毫料不同可分為軟毫、硬毫和兼毫三種。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2uadM2GwoomCUxK2KVcW1FNnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"軟毫筆以羊毫為多,雞毫次之。羊毫筆有長鋒、中鋒、短鋒之別,各有不同的表現(xiàn)力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IC2ydCGgIoiKM8xa0eDcAS6xn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬毫筆一般彈力較強、勁健鋒利,易于掌握和使用,其中狼毫筆和紫毫筆使用較多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCiodwcWkokoksx65wRcYGOMnhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"兼毫筆是兩種以上不同質的毫料兼制而成,此筆軟硬適中,適于勾線,也適于渲染用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm4sd4iGOoCumyxm4zWcnKlSnBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"畫工筆可以選擇準備勾線筆(1-2根)、大中小號白云羊毫筆(約3根)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R8eKdU6y0o0WmcxIuYkcTDcxnUj"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"畫寫意,準備硬毫筆(長鋒短鋒各備一支),如狼毫、豬鬃、兔毫等,兼毫備一支即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AuaEdQiySo6gckx29jyc06RHnHf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wig4dQMkaoEogox4ghocp1vcnmc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆一開始不要買太多,常用的基本永遠都是那幾支。畫熟練了再添置,書法寫廢了的毛筆也可以用來染色或者畫山水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NkKydQMc8oAo0sxMPzscUvMdnWc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":788,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa31073262e7435891b0079bf9d26f4e","width":720},"text":"","id":"RU4odeAoGo62qSxWO8Ac3BpenNh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提示","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ca29c9bf9874c70ab5f446996d49441","width":720},"text":"","id":"Pk0GdaOGkoWcWMxegMMcVpmZnNd"}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆架","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TE4idYMkAowaoaxIJ9WcF0cUnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆架就是架筆之物,是傳統(tǒng)文房用具之一。在構思或暫息時用以置筆,以免毛筆污損他物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IqGydqQkwokWkQxQMaDc4SA5n1F"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":213,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆架","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7c497564bfe491dbc9a1950bceb7656","width":419},"text":"","id":"Qkkgd4CEaoEssAxg9XScyqiUnYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"調色盤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8C4d82mSoIcgQxYz7dcuLy0nJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"調色盤就是調和顏料的容器,是不可缺少的文房用具。其形狀通常為圓形,呈梅花狀,但也有方形或其他不規(guī)則形狀,質地以陶瓷類較多,而小碟子形態(tài)的調色盤造價比較低廉,通常為初學者或業(yè)余人士使用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6adUiEoo0SSsxmEgAcDSJxnod"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":319,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調色盤","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58843f4ce362446ba7b0c94bb58ad6f6","width":326},"text":"","id":"My42dgooQocAQKxWqUJc01KIntg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":276,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"調色盤","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa1ac610435f490eb1fb6300d006a9ac","width":284},"text":"","id":"VE8edAEWGo4yQ8xotmbc5Q9en7b"}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WymadYAguoY60yx23W9cjxAYnNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中國傳統(tǒng)繪畫尤重用墨,筆以達氣,墨以生韻。用墨表現(xiàn)畫面的氣韻,求得生動是很重要的。中國之墨經(jīng)用筆引發(fā)和水的滲化,可變化出濃、淡、干、濕、黑、白不同層次的色彩感。古人謂之“五墨六彩”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc0admkGEoAyymxkD8Rc2ooUnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以墨代色,力求單純、明快、概括,是中國畫的獨特創(chuàng)造。以墨代色的不同變化,表現(xiàn)各種色彩感覺,富有浪漫主義的處理特色。中國畫在設色方面突破了自然物固有的約束,代之以感情的意匠色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGeEd6IsOo2Q0uxsHJSc3HLyn1b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦墨汁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UKqAdyiGko4ueAxSADSceZvqnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨有很多種,市場上常見的用于繪畫的墨主要有株式會社墨運堂出品的玄宗墨汁,北京一得閣的云頭艷,紅星墨液,北京墨汁,中華墨汁,曹素功墨汁,珠江墨汁等等。不同墨對于繪畫有直接影響。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SU2gdSM2IowaYsxOuqJckHY0nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、進口玄宗墨汁有兩種:一種是紅星玄宗,一種是進口玄宗,其特點是濃墨顯得很厚重,淡墨顯得很潤澤,不含混。下圖是用進口玄宗墨汁繪制的國畫效果圖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiAKdg0y6o4ycMxmqwecFJ1fn4b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":5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"type":"text","text":"白粉:礦物類或人工合成,有鉛白、鋅白、蛤粉等,鉛管所裝的又稱鋅鈦白。不透明。畫云、雪、瀑布、花鳥、人物等均需用之。鋅鈦白還可與花青、藤黃、赭石乃至墨等調和使用,但其度較難把握。如畫楊樹干即可調入綠色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UOIyduE8oouUY8xPHgIcdr6tnwz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花青:植物類或人工合成,半透明,可與藤黃、洋紅、赭石、白粉等多種顏料調和,用途極為廣泛,畫山、石、草、木、云、水等均需用花青或其調和色。與藤黃調和,依據(jù)比例不同可調和各種綠色。青花調墨后稱花青墨,其色為墨綠(螺青)。與曙紅或胭脂調和后為紫色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EIwEdo6Ygo8kCoxsvMIcl6TDncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"藤黃:植物類,是藤本植物的樹脂所制,有毒不能入口。鉛管裝藤黃有一定遮蓋能力。在山水、花鳥、人物畫中,既可單獨使用,又可與其他許多顏料或墨(可調成橄欖綠)調和使用,用途廣泛。與洋紅、朱膘或胭脂可調出橙色,與赭石調和可成檀色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaOodkQqgoI0y2xA7ybcGu09nri"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"洋紅:又稱西洋紅、曙紅。植物類或人工合成,半透明,在花鳥畫中,多單獨或調和后,用于畫花、紅葉、蔬果,用途廣泛。在山水畫眾多用于畫亭臺、屋頂、紅葉等,在人物畫眾多用于面、唇、底飾等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DEYmdSmecoqa0OxC4uFcNBIHnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胭脂:植物類,為胭脂花制品,半透明。在山水畫中用于春天的桃花與秋天的紅葉,在花鳥畫中可用于畫紫紅色蔬果、翎毛、花、葉、芽苞,也有用其點花心、勾葉筋的。在人物畫中,可用于畫人物、棉布、衣飾、花卉配景等。胭脂與曙紅、朱膘可調出各種紅色系的色相。調入墨則成紫色,調入赭則成赭色胭脂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqamdsEyUoy0EExeyTdciiMdnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大紅:與曙紅色彩相近,略淡于曙紅。用法與曙紅類同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EUekd2Cy0oSWikxQIsncubArn8P"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"顏色調配方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCcdgeWkoKigkxWYGzcmPM9nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"顏料中任何一種顏色加入白色都會使之變?yōu)榉凵蜃兊伾1绢伭吓c顏料之間可以任意調配使用,若要稀釋時只要加少許清水即可。丙烯顏料在水分揮發(fā)后即干透,因此作畫時對程序要心中有數(shù),以使筆觸銜接自然,達到預想效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaKWd64syoMwK4xNdTDcdTXEnOY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、草綠:約70%花青+30%藤黃調配而成,畫工筆花卉的葉子最常用的色彩之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMYmdMig2oYqSYxSybPc4ANcnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、汁綠:約80%藤黃+15%花青+5%朱磦調和成的嫩綠色,常用來作為反葉的底色和嫩葉的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SkGgdskm0oKwmyxqoxUc3OT3nwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、老綠:草綠中微加墨或微加點胭脂,常用來罩染處于暗部的葉子色彩,薄薄的老綠也可用來渲染反葉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YskEd2SeMoiWCcxyoVtcczeznic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、檀香色:約70%藤黃+20%朱磦+10%三綠調配而成,加大量水以后常用來刷背景,也可作為嫩芽和托葉的底色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VeuGdwsqoogS0SxSuz4cnXYsncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、米黃:約70%藤黃+30%赭石,主要用來刷背景,在重彩畫的繪制中打一層米黃底色容易取得色彩和諧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwU6dGcaqo6iIyxIDfyclf0anac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、三綠:石綠+白色而得,白色加的越多則就變成四綠、五綠等。三青、四青等色彩也是同理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Omeodi0UAoAeYQxs49QczWDSnGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、老赭:朱磦+墨調和而成,接近熟褐色。常用來提染枝干或提染葉面被蟲咬蝕的部分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYQ0dC6WsosKkIxcFhkccU28ngf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、胭脂水:胭脂色+大量水調和而成。主要用來復勒線條,曙紅水、花青水等說法同理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgYad2C6YoiEmGxUbxRcu1aMn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、豆綠色(三綠+藤黃+少許酞青藍)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6QgdwA86oOakixQ5CjcmteAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、墨紅色(曙紅+稍許墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGuIdcUAkoEiwExozZLc5FWHntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、赭綠色(赭石+草綠)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EgcqdUgm4oeSq6xS26NcFNLbnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、古銅色(朱磦+墨+少許藤黃+少許曙紅)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8yOdM6s8oGsAkxqy0gcAwZHnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、汁綠色(草綠+藤黃+少許朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOSSdiIeUouqU0xxGhncfMdQnv0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、灰綠色(三綠+少許墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGeCdOWU2oQmCuxUVsecJfYPn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、芽綠色(汁綠+藤黃)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiumdsQUMoyg0KxAt1dcoOKIntg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、米黃色(藤黃+朱磦+少許墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyAwdiUI6oYY0ExQxLwcjug4nmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、桔黃色(藤黃+朱磦)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Miq2dMcwKoo8GQx48E6cl93JnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、墨青色(花青+墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2AqdEO0qoMasUxsb0OclJ1NnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、藏青藍(酞青藍+墨+少許石青)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M4KAde8scosaOSxAZnXc99oknNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"20、絳紅色(胭脂+朱磦+少許墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiuQdagysoaGAKx2bN0cyTu0nTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"21、紫色(曙紅+少許酞青藍)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nu0idIeeYomUwsxukW6cI9lznzh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"22、墨綠色(草綠+少許墨)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F48sduamyoWuikxQf6rcAIGXnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"23、老綠色(草綠+少許胭脂)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Pi26dmoCyoMSIuxcjCjcH1a9ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"24、翠綠色(酞青藍+藤黃+少許翡翠綠)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwIudC8UCogwaMx9z2OczONDncp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"25、褐色(赭石+墨)","id":""}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}],"text":"","id":"SuaedKyesokyOKxmr4BcooLNnrb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWG6daIQGoQQ86xIpfPclO68nhf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作畫時維鎮(zhèn)紙是中國古代傳統(tǒng)工藝品。指寫字作畫時用以壓紙的東西,常見的多為長方條形,因故也稱作鎮(zhèn)尺、壓尺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkqEdgEMeoMGgSxCok2cWHeEnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鎮(zhèn)紙的材質多種多樣,以玉、瓷、竹、木、鐵、銅居多,上面通常雕刻有蘭、菊、梅、竹并配以詩句的圖案,也有動物和人物的立體形象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOKSdSmMSoMka4x2F05cAup6nSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqmwdS4mWo0aEAx4GOlchOIBnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)在市場上有各種各樣的鎮(zhèn)紙,可以根據(jù)自己的需求購買。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYC8dYWK8occIkxeSHMcWRu6nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、Noritake則武宮崎駿龍貓TOTORO站立水晶鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zkimd8eCsoqIKyxYjKwcv0WPnmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":282,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57243f0c12ac4ac2a2d4f06ca9f30184","width":305},"text":"","id":"OYqQdyqw2oioi4x6BHXc87uvnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、青云筆社小鵝鎮(zhèn)秦陵水禽系列鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8wGdqcWKoaU0gxETpkcLPljnVf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0b5898d8282046db82d471464c2fb4cd","width":289},"text":"","id":"Imk4daag2o6EwmxeKnVcfm49nSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、弘可手工鑄鐵小貓咪鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ayeydg28soweKixOoZOcnzBAnkf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":227,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20c06990d731480aacfe82d517c892de","width":243},"text":"","id":"KcmIdOyWaogmmgx2BbKc2vWTnzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、臻言粉蓮水晶鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGCQdaIy8ougQ4xiAkycMsi1npb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":295,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a58f33ef43a4205ad248c4132fd7f0f","width":476},"text":"","id":"LscAdyscGoACsix64rMcsswPnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、御寶閣純手工景德鎮(zhèn)手繪陶瓷鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TImydQeIIoC4wwxSKgqcLlapnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"手工繪制的陶瓷鎮(zhèn)紙有兩款可選,一個是葫蘆蟋蟀,還有是墨趣。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOqidQW0Io4cYAxuq9jcl35Gnzd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":289,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e914f07368d245248e45ac3d19b562b3","width":430},"text":"","id":"Q44SdguKCoqs6ex6dmmceKZQnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、臻言加重款國畫藍圖方鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKgGdiCwQoMqKoxc5AEceJRKn8b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":201,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/394dffaedd0b4c2f83a8ef9448a78c16","width":474},"text":"","id":"J8uAdCYwYo6EEaxkrilc9yXunTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、臻言原創(chuàng)加重款云山書畫鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NqcYdgOIqoAaO2xaMLic5nOUnre"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦鎮(zhèn)紙","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b55ab0ed8ab445a4aa200f10913b4b60","width":493},"text":"","id":"YQEydyi42ogEcKxaTBUc5AgFnP0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆洗","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AwskdcgCKo6uYcxaoFwcbPi8n7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆洗是一種傳統(tǒng)工藝品,屬于文房四寶筆、墨、紙、硯之外的一種文房用具,是用來盛水洗筆的器皿,以形制乖巧、種類繁多、雅致精美而廣受青睞,傳世的筆洗中,有很多是藝術珍品。筆洗有很多種質地,包括瓷、玉、瑪瑙、琺瑯、象牙和犀角等,基本都屬于名貴材質。各種筆洗中,最常見的是瓷筆洗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ca0wdKqaAoyk4OxBD5ecz7TTnxT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆洗的作用是可以潤筆,在繪畫中,許多用水特技都是靠筆洗來實現(xiàn)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu8dmoacouEUex6IgycJGgInMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初學者預算不夠可以隨便找個水桶代替。推薦幾個筆洗的店鋪榮寶齋、寶霆容山堂/RONGSHANGTANG、賦比興等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8YqdIoKmoOCkqxy2B6ccbJvnUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":323,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆洗","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f7532f28ee394cd9b403dfb752bf910b","width":422},"text":"","id":"GYISd6ew4oUiggxfl3hcCB2knqI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛氈","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OW40dKaswoiwAqxuIiqcOFGVn4g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作書畫氈的材料主要是羊毛或化纖,因材料和工藝的差別,而產(chǎn)出各式各樣的書畫氈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RQ6kd8gMMoGgIuxsnEPcGD0dnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用它襯在宣紙下面,防止畫畫時的墨汁、顏色等滲透到宣紙背面的桌面上、進而污染宣紙,弄得畫面上一塌糊涂;襯了毛氈,因為毛氈不吸水,就不會發(fā)生上述現(xiàn)象了。畫國畫用的毛氈在國畫用品商店里有售,大小不一,根據(jù)自己的畫幅大小選購。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZaOWdqUmuoGcKAxKImqcuPcqnhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初學者用一塊常見的帶有米字格的書畫氈就差不多,市面上這類書畫氈有50厘米×50厘米的,也有50厘米×70厘米的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HwSgdC6y8o2qMQxiaidc6Woln8f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛氈","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5c331930a1624282be0d17bd4a607c02","width":600},"text":"","id":"E2CMd2ewUoOCiKxEpVpcZ5znnAb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"購買之前,務必看清楚毛氈的大小。然后看毛氈上米字格的大小,一般毛氈上的格子大小為10厘米,小一點的毛氈的格子可能是9厘米的??梢钥春穸?,以這種印有米字格的書畫氈來說,質量特別次的毛氈都不會太厚,有時候墨汁太多還真有可能透過去。厚度2毫米以上的毛氈,對于國畫初學者來說就夠了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIUadsS04oAKkUxQvg1cGyrUnkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果要畫大幅的作品,那就需要買大的厚的毛氈,更大更厚的毛氈托墨性能和吸墨能力更強,顯然也更合適。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcoGdYiiCoAWK2xALqZcwtN0n3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":342,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛氈","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d7901b4e3546fcb514d974743cdcf2","width":600},"text":"","id":"B2yYd8mSco6Ikox6kaXcGIhLn2g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硯臺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaksdSigSouCu8xcd1McGILnn8f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硯臺是用來磨墨和裝墨汁的,初學者可用小碟子代替用來裝墨。如果想擁有更好的硯臺可以選購妙峰牌徐公硯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YKY4dYA08o6OuUxSyJoc8d4Hnie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEiSdysasoe4scxYCe3cfuwCnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"紙膠帶/水膠帶:繃宣紙用的;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYccdUoQwo6IksxUd4AcpyPBnJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"噴壺:繃絹、做特殊效果時會使用;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RqeMdcMiCo4K28xUk1OcpKGfn9L"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"底紋筆/底紋刷:用來刷底色的大刷子,羊毫做的,要很軟才行;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CuIid8SUGoQMOqxclVmc6P4Jnhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"美工釘、盤子(調色用)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YK8edSoAAocScyxQFg1czNXdn3b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":385,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/789fbf32554a4600b69c7bf35bbb982a","width":195},"text":"","id":"DGSIdGQu2o2woGx6ZtIcu0SsnWa"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"國畫技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6sOdyMAmoKQWAxBrTwcSZconnn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"國畫技法的主要有構思、構圖、用筆、用墨、設色、收拾等方面,其中用筆用墨為最基本的技法)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T2k4dWseQoyUQuxoe9OcPKhHnR3"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"構思——又叫立意,即作畫之前的形象思維過程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D6widwik6o0Ys6xKAQhcQqHmn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"構圖——即六法中的“經(jīng)營位置”,又叫置陳布勢等。亦即畫面各種物象的位置、比例、墨色等的安排。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JyYcdIieso4M8kxgnXGcZeyEnpg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用筆——即六法中的“骨法用筆”,有線描、勾勒、皴、擦、點染,筆用中鋒、逆鋒、藏鋒、露鋒、拖筆、破點等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TgwAdSiw0oY0IexelRLcbM9Znib"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨——經(jīng)歷代畫家發(fā)展有:焦、濃、重、淡、清、退、埃、宿等各種墨色,運用時須各得其所。又有潑墨、破墨(即濃淡相生)等具體技法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMe6dYSYioUogUxUDXEcRIAMn7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"設色——白描:不設色,全用線條表現(xiàn),或僅以淡墨、淡水色稍加渲染。重彩:一般指工筆重彩、勾勒填色、大青綠等。淡彩:以墨色為主調,敷以淡彩色。沒骨:純用色彩畫,并不勾線。(純用墨點染,不溝勒的亦叫沒骨。)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TkyAdqi0YoWACaxq0qfcYtmFnpe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收拾——畫成以后再作整體收拾,使全畫最后達到氣韻生動的境界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MuoKdU4wsoOu20x25jqcRY9mnre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMgudEEOiocaAOx0ItHcooQbn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中國畫表現(xiàn)形象的基本手段。我國歷代畫家在長期歷史發(fā)展的過程中,已經(jīng)形成了一套完整的筆墨技法和創(chuàng)造技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QMC2dUKUWowI66x4UJPc2kwLnYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NAK8dyyU2owqwMxWGUFcSkTonWg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有白描、工筆、寫其細部,整個畫面純用墨色,有的再加淡墨渲染。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BWiKd42gMoiceGx4pDMcz7QXnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描——用細線勾畫出物象輪廓及其細部,整個畫面純用墨色。有的再加淡墨渲染。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0UdgCkuoaQswxwfq6cJbaunPS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描從線條的粗細可分三類:較粗的線條叫琴弦,較細的線條叫鐵線,極細的線條叫游絲。工筆畫常常用這幾種線條來表現(xiàn)作品,釘頭鼠尾描、蘭葉描、高古游絲描、鐵線描、行云流水描。不論采用哪種線描,都突“寫”字,使每一條線具有書法氣韻。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IyKqdYcSIoSQEOxgvxjcK5N3nOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a17d188e11e74dbb8a5a8c5e1d042a7a","width":419},"text":"","id":"MkWOdKg8womiE0xNUegclekznzB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆——勾勒細膩精巧的叫工筆,工即工整工細之意,敷色也層也渲染,顯得渾厚濃重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYqsdo6cGoQQ8WxaQbdcSqLun5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆畫是通過線條去觀察、反映事物的,根據(jù)事物在輪廓和外表上的明確特征來了解事物。線條連綿不斷、細密均勻,貫穿著整個事物形體的始終,表現(xiàn)出蓬勃靈動而精工逼真的視覺外貌。因此,線條成為畫面的統(tǒng)領者,其視覺觀察的方式是客觀而具體的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci4AdekCCoQoOOxOUTZczfhxn2d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":464,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/83f4ec74e2274ab896eb97716b139b2b","width":503},"text":"","id":"HISYdccQGouIqMxMTZDcMfJUnwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"寫意——只寫物象的大意,用筆簡練流暢,筆墨自然,不用色的寫意畫,又稱“水墨畫”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N2akdo4cKoa46sxgbH3ciPnZnjg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":418,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7ab4a9407042489d9cfaee0597cf3fda","width":615},"text":"","id":"BQo2dWOSyoYiGmxUjBfcqRQInRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾勒著色——亦稱“單線平涂”。它用筆先勾出物象邊線,中間用墨或用色平涂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZysYd8QGWo8OMExoT1HcfN9RnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f95bbf90a263427abe21e98eeaa39848","width":400},"text":"","id":"UIasduq0yo6scixyKIrc70Cxnag"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗細相間——亦稱“兼工帶寫”。它比工筆要粗,比寫意要工。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUI0dyKScoIwgyxU7QKctpDYnYe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1159,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b6a43c83c5f499892d8fd5bd085b460","width":640},"text":"","id":"B0mQdgwuQoYMOMxe07FcgU7bn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"粗中有細——如花草畫得粗,但繞花飛動的小蟲、蝴蝶、或蜻蜓等則畫得很細。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VyI6dEeaqomQA8xoLb3cX0W0nZc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":549,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7c53e5df871044d9ae06de6690b34c71","width":375},"text":"","id":"KC8udSOq0oSQamxqaGYcoVLVnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"沒骨法——一般不用墨線勾輪廓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIcgdQw0GoCQEgxCYzvcFE7tn6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":895,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa45b0531e1b4882906302a75b418c63","width":640},"text":"","id":"B2uUdW2qKoQwKwxIrOncf7K8ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"潑墨法——是沒骨法的擴展,用大塊墨色,再運用自然形成的濃淡,加上較細的筆道,有的地方還露出飛白,這樣才見精神。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RA4OdWIE4oi62mxIphHcLLZPnMd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":641,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c449c22ed9db49f7a92b956127ca3ae5","width":640},"text":"","id":"ZEk0d022wokGukxYjuhcpaJ9npd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"界畫——一部或大部分用直尺畫墨線組成的畫,主要表現(xiàn)莊嚴雄韋的建筑物,如宮殿、廟宇、樓閣、亭臺、水榭等,以及整齊精致的家具陳設等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xw66dUWu6oQqwmxoNoWcZ5Cnn3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":658,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筆墨表現(xiàn)形式","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39e9f26ad9df4720b0dccf043134bf3d","width":658},"text":"","id":"FgGydEcwiossIYxCJf6cOqtUnmI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"設色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IekIdUsMcosIAAxSoM5cNlxzn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"設色即六法中的“隨類賦彩”。不同的色彩賦不同的感情,畫家往往用色彩來表達他的感情。中國畫常用的顏色有墨、藤黃、石黃、土黃、胭脂、洋紅、朱砂、朱膘、赭石、花青、石青(可分頭青、二青、三青等三種)、石綠(也分頭綠、二綠、三綠等三種),白粉等。但基本顏色只有紅、黃、藍三種,即洋紅、藤黃和花青。把上面的顏色加以配合,可以調出許多種顏色來。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaAodeGyooCYAyxMn81cG5NFnhr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"設色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/538d351861514acb9ac7514b0dcda515","width":800},"text":"","id":"PyAkdqAMyo4Ai2xyaQEclA37nKf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WcGidW0WCoGAGExqglEcvp1tn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆花鳥畫中配彩法的一種。即對形象勾線或不勾線,完全用墨的濃淡來表現(xiàn)的叫墨彩。墨彩以淡雅為佳,因它用濃墨的面積不宜過大、過多,因為重墨多易使畫面產(chǎn)生沉濁之感,但亦不能淡而失神,要使?jié)獾嘁?,才具有清新神韻的效果?#34;,"id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiGodSk2eoM288xVE7Ic9tbcnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":493,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"墨彩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6860a91fc0444f3b6688f5dbf80bdb3","width":524},"text":"","id":"CguEdamw0o8gmCx4rEwcVs2Unqb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"l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}],"text":"","id":"FAu0dMGeso6Ckcxcxj9cnKGen6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"礬:又稱明礬,主要產(chǎn)自安徽廬江,頭天用涼水浸泡,第二天用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O62GdCmywoWscoxKAwQczRPanjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"復勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cd2fcf6dc5054693b817904765868a0e","width":726},"text":"","id":"YsWAdsiumoQ8Kwxu6qPchPYtnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、膠礬水的混合比一般7:3較為適當,礬大膠小,染墨色時會顏色板滯、難以染勻。膠大礬小則會出現(xiàn)滑筆,墨、色易脫落等問題。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L6oOdAy8MocwS6xMxAacSfq7nid"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":471,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"復勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9eb85ef6ff5c4114a12fae0eb3682449","width":675},"text":"","id":"VW8mdaeK6ok6uaxu8X8c21vDnUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、刷膠礬水,刷膠礬水的環(huán)境最好在溫度25度左右的晴天,溫度過低膠礬會很快凝固,不易刷勻。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM8OdSAKGoy0qmx8j74cjzpRnEq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"復勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5d66c0138cb4537964255d48e554279","width":594},"text":"","id":"WsKmd4AY2owcYux4IzOcnJTInSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"裝裱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REk8dwSamo8MQ2xvTkyc00aBnfZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古語有云:“三分字畫,七分裱”,精致的裝裱工藝不僅可以使字畫得到更好的保護,同時也能起到烘托字畫,突出神韻的作用。書畫裝裱的步驟一般是先用紙托裱在繪畫作品的背后,再用絞、絹、紙等鑲邊,然后安裝軸桿成卷軸或者裝框條成鏡框。傳統(tǒng)的裝裱是多種多樣的,但其成品按形制可分為掛軸,手卷,冊頁三大類。原裱的繪畫不論畫心的大小、形狀、及裱后的用途,都只有托裱畫心、鑲覆、砑裝三個步驟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IEOOdkmiUoyUSixUnWEc61sZnwo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步:觀察字畫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QowedGGayoIcASxwGqsc3PbAn9x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揣摩原作的氣度,以利于更好地選擇裝裱材料烘托原作氣質。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUCOdGE8ioowuSxM5VqcK7P9nVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二步:托裱畫心","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8gcdYAmmoQsMixKYzicaxbNn4x"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、將畫心反鋪在干凈的畫案上,用噴壺在畫心背面均勻噴灑水花;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C0smdKGyoowwigxOIi6cnviKnrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、待畫心潮潤且平整得貼附在畫案上時,用排筆在畫心背面均勻刷漿;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VOEWdCqskosee0xSLwkchJoNneR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、一手持特制的裝裱棕刷,一手持略大于畫心的托紙,對齊一邊,用棕刷自上而下排掃托紙,逐漸使整張托紙平整貼附于畫心背面;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyWMdK6kmo6CAwxKIWgcWakon0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、用手指在托紙邊緣均勻抹上漿糊;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6owdCG2kowCKaxU7kucSgaennf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、待畫心略干后,輕輕揭起,轉貼至掙墻晾干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TqAGdyKYmo00AOx8Xlcc4vdMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三步:鑲條","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MymEdGc0oowWuyx0yadcWIV7nDO"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、待畫心干透,用裁刀將其從墻面取下,裁去托紙不整齊的邊角部分;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LII2d0SWcoCkSIxia0HccWXKnCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、在畫心四角均勻抹漿,鑲上助條;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEkkdOOkgooMiKxcHRFcsOysnXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、在助條邊緣抹漿,鑲上邊條。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VC68dgwouoouiMx6pYScz9VanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四步:覆背","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Is4Md648gouM0Wx8Xjbck4qfnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在已鑲條的畫作后重復第二個步驟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O642dyGuAoSogKxY1wacH1AcnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五步:裝框","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0QqdyeSwoGYgOxOglZcyn2Cnxg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"已制成的畫作如需裝框則在畫作干透后進行平整,鑲裝畫框;如做成卷軸,則應在畫作上下裝上天桿和地桿,并牽上掛繩,拴入絳色絲帶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeWqdo0m0oCWUaxEZiXcpkvGnmd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意事項","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUcqdgmWKoAMQYxwRGZczajDnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般的裝裱能夠收藏的是手工的,漿糊的質量也是收藏時間的保證。裱畫的糨糊不同于普通的糨糊,不僅黏稠度和透明度有所差別,并且在熬制時還要加入一些防治蠹蟲的配料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LeEQdYWUmo0ieixE3kLcTuRcnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦臨摹書籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AiiAdmQgmoywO2xWcWmc2ufMnum"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ywm6doEayok8IixKmF0cS5EFnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白描:《八十七神仙卷》練線描這一本完全夠了。如果覺得難度大的,可以進行局部練習。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NCwsdYOquoWEm2xUvkWcraCwngb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":814,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5758b24e6854e70b1182bc120082331","width":720},"text":"","id":"AkgOdq2qQosC0ixUviQcvNXCnmb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆設色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUw8degeooSi6MxM5LvcDg6En0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女圖》、韓熙載夜宴圖、《虢國夫人游春圖》、《搗練圖》、《洛神賦圖》等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GOMSdkKSSoSEkgxgRcTcvqkbnxg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":983,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆設色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cf54bbe0d664254afd91633cc5b611f","width":720},"text":"","id":"C86wdUSGWo4Eu8xEeo0cdJzZnPf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《簪花仕女圖》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D68wdckYsoQ6m6xo5lxc76YPnSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工筆設色","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1c12e9c7eb234b80b54315b435e86938","width":720},"text":"","id":"CEyOdyk2so8G0cxIlbOcX2jInIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《虢國夫人游春圖》局部","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQ6Edk0qgoi4cKxysxEcjDwgn8d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鳥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY8qducumo6EM2xUDZ2c7GCvnAg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宋代小品、宋徽宗、陳老蓮花鳥集。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ISoydoaUcoee8KxGamkcHUyCnaf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":721,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鳥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f05118f3f7a94c3f8f74158912f6ae0e","width":720},"text":"","id":"KGakdCSiCo6AwYxgI0VcAmblnTP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":465,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花鳥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/248caa97bff949b791f7fb97ccee23f9","width":483},"text":"","id":"N2wkdek2gooQeQx8p6yc9yL1nPf"}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OY4odwasmoIyiwxcrLncKDZlnpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水小品、《千里江山圖》、長橋臥波圖、馬遠夏圭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XiS4demmGo08cyxUtmhcv8YFn3c"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e8b26e04ba654cb4881b5270e3a1139d","width":720},"text":"","id":"PiUmd8ASWoOycSxuIQnc8mwdnxf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":491,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b999d32ae9914cae85aa9e3bcdb80f1d","width":481},"text":"","id":"H8cSdiQMuo42soxwLNgcLL3lnyc"}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"寫意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NcyodekyKoY220xWm4ScMBxonXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"國畫的一種畫法,用筆不苛求工細,注重神態(tài)的表現(xiàn)和抒發(fā)作者內心的情感。最初起源于繪畫,興起于北宋,要求在形象之中有所蘊涵和寄寓,讓\"象\"具有表意功能或成為表意的手段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QiwcdUqKAoSOEcxYegCc4smpn6I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分類","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wa2AdEUWSo0OsMxQvDcc52K1n0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"寫意畫分為小寫意和大寫意,所謂的小寫意,更傾向于水墨畫法寫物象之實,上接元人墨花墨禽的傳統(tǒng);而所謂的大寫意,更傾向于以水墨畫法表現(xiàn)畫家的主觀感情,繼承的是宋元的文人墨戲傳統(tǒng)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rww8dI6gqo68wcxi8OscKoG6nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"欣賞寫意畫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZSsGdIo6eoimYWxwdSdc7AXDnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"畫寫意首先要練審美。培養(yǎng)對美的感受力,學會欣賞。要對中國美術史上這些大量的作品進行閱讀,至少要知道什么是經(jīng)典什么是真的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MegmdmaMEomwOExv7yzcXLTmngM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古代寫意畫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N4sedmeYYoiW4ExQJVCcHZ3unrh"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣賞寫意畫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c088dbaeb5d04246b71a1b55e1ca877f","width":720},"text":"","id":"Gw8cdYUQsoI2AWxes0Ncan0Knib"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣賞寫意畫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/20a74f2fd088486ea4e6470a150757b2","width":720},"text":"","id":"JoiMdmCsgoOagCxs1OZcQq9ennc"}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"現(xiàn)代寫意畫","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DcYsduguooEIKuxqqRCcLSrFnIc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":517,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣賞寫意畫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df0ab52f496a452a97dd018ec91fff18","width":720},"text":"","id":"HwuMdUUeCoI6UGxAnmOcq3hLnHb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":356,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"欣賞寫意畫","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a59f40b52b84887be02f8b082e62c17","width":720},"text":"","id":"CCAQdk6kWoasioxWsvdcocQMnKe"}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"繪畫步驟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WuImdmcwioEyMgx6VAocx3Z3nCb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、蘿卜畫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QO2GdicsmoqSs4xyYXJcUvahn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用中號長鋒狼毫或羊毫調淡墨畫菜的葉柄,趁濕馬上蘸較濃墨畫出菜根和根須。換用一支大號羊毫斗筆調淡墨畫菜葉,注意筆腹含水要飽滿,根據(jù)菜葉的結構、方向,分幾筆畫出菜葉,每筆菜葉的墨團形狀大小濃淡要稍有區(qū)別,不能畫成一樣。筆與筆之間要注意銜接,既不能讓它們模棱模糊,又不能搞得支離破碎。趁濕用長鋒小狼毫勾出菜葉上的葉脈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HmoGdkwgGo6KIGxsxTPcU32Rnqc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用同一支筆蘸濃墨以中鋒畫縛菜的草束。要掌握畫草束的時間,遲了葉柄水分已干,畫上去的草束就會浮起來。如果太早,草束的墨色會漫糊開來,影響其質感??傊蓾竦卯敚瑵B化適度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGccdCuwqooIE2xkT68cm0FRn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③根據(jù)紅蘿卜的圓形結構,用一支干凈的短鋒羊毫筆蘸胭脂調合一下,分左右兩筆畫出蘿卜的球莖。同時注意適當?shù)卦谥虚g留些空白,以表現(xiàn)蘿卜的高光,然后又用較深的顏色點須畫根。再用同一支筆洗一下,蘸朱磦底畫胡蘿卜。為了加強胡蘿卜的質感,可在朱磦底里調點胭脂。畫時,同樣要注意胡蘿卜的造型特點,依據(jù)結構運筆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ViS4dOwU0oSaQmxAdbqcflkYn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④再用同一支筆洗凈后蘸藤黃加花青調成汁綠。為了色調和諧,可在汁綠里再少量調點朱磦底,畫出紅蘿卜葉柄的基部,然后又添畫上小小的蘿卜葉。兩片蘿卜的葉子要注意稍分濃淡。最后用中羊毫筆調赭墨畫上蘑菇,畫時同樣要注意幾只蘑菇的不同方向和前后層次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AueOd44GIo4SyIxIRHQcBgsCnoh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":638,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"白菜、蘿卜畫法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e2892135836482dbce4cc7eceb9f122","width":640},"text":"","id":"Saw8dee8OoG06MxcLtGcvpNin2b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牽牛花畫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZyeOdWSukoOS2uxiy64cNnGRnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先畫藤蔓:用長鋒小狼毫筆調淡墨去畫,用筆要懸腕中鋒,輕快舒緩之中見遒勁,墨色要稍有變化,筆尖含水要干一點,以表現(xiàn)枝蔓的堅韌柔軟。枝蔓是全畫的架子,因此,要注意全局的位置經(jīng)營。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bm8ad2SyaoC2yExA9YjcBdJDn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②次畫葉子:用短鋒大羊毫筆調次濃墨去畫,注意在蘸墨時要使筆頭各部位含墨含水分量不同,這樣一筆下去葉片即有濃淡變化。畫葉要依據(jù)牽?;ㄈ~片特點,每葉分三筆畫成。點葉要注意疏密大小和方向的區(qū)別。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YmM0dGmygowgIuxevmacyxBRnrl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨勾出葉脈。換用一支干凈的短鋒中羊毫筆,用胭脂加花青調成紫紅色畫花冠。牽?;ɑü谏喜可睿砍拾咨?,因此用筆時要根據(jù)這個特點在花心留出空白,花型要圓潤,色澤要飽滿。兩朵花要分濃淡。又蘸較深的花色點出未放的花蕾,注意花蕾與主花間的呼應。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWqUdEgIKoogYqx9LOnc0oeonbI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④用三綠加一點藤黃,調成淡綠色染花蕊底色,趁濕又用短鋒羊毫調藤黃加白,一筆畫上花蕊。然后用長鋒小狼毫蘸濃墨畫上花托,又添上濃濃淡淡的藤蔓,使全畫完整起來。最后略加苔點,使畫面增添變化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYMd2cWioq02SxGYvkcT4rvnCg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1251,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牽?;ó嫹?#34;,"id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6ced7218932a4305b3fc7e2dfb76fbf6","width":640},"text":"","id":"LA0UdiIgwoUcKcxmskAc6eZHnLh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花球畫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2I4dkMA8owiWOxa8fBchHWgnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先畫花球:用長鋒小狼毫調淡墨逐個勾出組成花球的一朵朵小花。用墨要略分濃淡,花形要有變化,使花球有立體感。接著用短鋒大羊毫調成濃綠蘸墨分組畫上葉子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F20qdog2yo4AowxN8G7cWlAVndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨勾葉脈。勾時把葉子分成上下兩組,上邊一組的葉脈墨色較深,下面一組葉子的葉脈用墨稍淡,以分出前后兩組的層次。換用一支長鋒狼毫筆調淡墨畫枝干。隨畫隨加濃墨,用較干的墨色去畫較小的枝干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmmedCie4oWUw2xeSPPcfLFMn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③再用較淡的綠添畫幾筆嫩葉,增加葉子的又一個層次。接著用長鋒小狼毫筆蘸濃墨畫出花球里的花柄,用墨要較干,使?jié)庵氐哪r托出潔凈的花球。接著在葉間添畫一團掩藏著的花球,方法與前同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CiaodA4U4oCKq4xwltIccakdnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④最后用長鋒羊毫筆調藤黃加三綠。淡淡地染上花色。趁濕用藤黃調朱磦底點花蕊。渲染花球既要染出立體感,又要注意花色的潔凈。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCMydgQG8oeUgaxQp5qcPqcTnSl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":236,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"花球畫法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac45985132384544afb5399603c1fd77","width":236},"text":"","id":"TM42decykoI4W8xApRncKFk4nre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷畫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FO4cdKaukooQQSxmBUJcAc6Vnab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用大號斗筆浸些清水,又擠去筆肚里過多的水分,乘濕蘸上墨,稍微在調色盆里調合一下。注意不要調得太\"熟\",使筆肚中含的墨色濃淡不勻方好。這時開始順筆畫葉子,隨畫又要隨時蘸點水,使畫上去的幾片葉子既有濃淡的變化,又有滋潤豐厚的感覺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Veemd4ImyoUwQmxasXvcXA2engd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②淡墨中鋒勾出枇杷輪廓,注意用筆的圓正,以表現(xiàn)枇杷果實的立體感。接著用濃墨畫完枝干。待葉子略干,換一支葉筋筆蘸上濃墨趁潮在葉子上勾出葉脈。勾葉脈時,筆端要稍干些,可用廢紙把筆上蘸的墨吸去少許后再勾。前后幾片葉子的葉脈要分濃淡,故畫后面葉子時,可調點清水后去畫,但注意筆端仍須稍干,以免漫糊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQYwdoa4CoYkkAxUfhQcUh4JnOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③等枇杷的墨色已干,用一支干凈的羊毫筆蘸藤黃調點朱磦上枇杷圓形的結構用筆,以表現(xiàn)枇把的立體感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FgUcdMGIKoqycyxwbZ4c3oManoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④趁色尚濕,用濃墨點上果蒂。果蒂要點得稍大,用筆稍重,使筆尖稍微叉開,以表現(xiàn)枇杷蒂毛茸茸的質感。最后用調進少許藤黃的淡螺青點染枝干,加上苔點,使畫面更豐富完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcUkdsaKMogc4sxgxmocfKaGnyc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":595,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"枇杷畫法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbc94dd7d05946a5a087ec26ddde8828","width":640},"text":"","id":"FS6odSgGwom02Ax4KgXcV66Ynqe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"玉蘭畫法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BOgydC2Ceoq2aOxEZCbcVQ0yn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①先畫花瓣:用長鋒小狼毫筆調淡墨色花瓣。墨色要潔凈,用筆要爽快。為表現(xiàn)玉蘭花瓣比較厚重的白色,可趁勾勒花瓣的墨色未干之際,再在瓣尖上加上小小的兩點濃墨。接著用短鋒大羊毫筆調淡墨染花底,染時要見筆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SC8ede0ueo2GGWxSqt8cE0Vpnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②趁濕用短鋒狼毫蘸濃墨點花蕊,花蕊的墨色會在剛染上去的淡墨花底上稍稍滲開。又用長鋒大狼毫蘸濃墨畫主干。用墨要稍干,用筆要蒼勁,使枝干與潔白圓潤的花瓣產(chǎn)生強烈的對比。然后再蘸清水化成次濃墨畫橫臥著的另一組枝干,畫時要注意整幅畫面的氣勢。趁濕再用濃墨點苔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOsGdUIUMoqaMKxqOOgcAyMynPd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③接著調淡墨畫花蕾和花托。畫花蕾不僅要強調與主體花冠的呼應,還應配合整幅畫的全局氣勢?;ɡ倥c枝干的連接要合理,要符合玉蘭的生長規(guī)律。④趁濕趕緊在花托上用小狼毫筆蘸濃墨點絨毛斑點。這一步要十分注意水分的的掌握,不能等干了再畫,否則無論如何也畫不出花托絨毛這種茸茸的感覺。最后點苔收拾整理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkeQdCaSwouOk6xoW0kcVwa0nzP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":717,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"玉蘭畫法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/70141db5b5444287897af0b72f516de5","width":658},"text":"","id":"ZyqAdMIEcoE82oxeGJqczMHcnkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"推薦臨摹書籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XyMgdWQ8GoCWMgx2xGhcp96BnAd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"山水","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PYkWdaQcaoAy28xgv52cNhuknxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"董源《瀟湘圖》、巨然《萬壑松風圖》、李成《寒林平野圖》、范寬《溪山行旅圖》、郭熙《早春圖》、李唐《萬壑松風圖》、馬遠《踏歌圖》《寒江獨釣》、夏圭《溪山清遠圖》、黃公望《富春山居圖》、倪瓚、吳鎮(zhèn)《漁父圖》、王蒙《青卞隱居圖》、沈周、石濤、査士標。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOWSdowekogEIix6GP2chtjnnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鳥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ReUudquCYoKKs4xxjqhcEJpnntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"惲壽平、八大山人、徐熙、徐渭、文同、金農(nóng)、法常、趙孟頫、管道升、王冕、趙之謙、齊白石等畫家的花鳥作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ey8YdwGaco8KaAxkN50c1DV9nDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uc2WdQo0Mo0CG8xOqMmceT8Andg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"梁楷、唐伯虎、任伯年、陳洪綬等畫家作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BG0adIKiUoWqIExItVjcgbmDn5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"學習步驟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSMcdYyqsoQIKIxkRXtcfGHAnQg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"臨摹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Yda4yuoM8GkxSwqOcSdLXnHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"臨摹是學習中國畫技法的一種便捷方法,對范畫可以先局部臨摹,也叫分解練習,然后再臨摹整幅作品,這樣可以學得深秀。臨摹盡量要象,“察之者尚精,擬之者貴似”,要通過臨摹反復體會其造型方法、用筆方法、墨色變化等。臨摹整幅作品時再體會構圖特點、主次虛實關系、層次關系、呼應關系、色調變化等等。從臨摹中掌握了一定的技法以后再試著進行變化和創(chuàng)造,心中就有數(shù)了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW2Gd6MC4og2ysxeDe6c07Z1nZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"臨摹的目的是學習、借鑒他人的技法。臨摹與寫生相較,寫生為主,臨摹為次,寫生是源,臨摹是流。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOMcdAw6SoeC2SxWKG8cTYfhnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"臨,把畫放在桌上,對著畫。摹,則是用一張透明的薄紙蓋在畫上,用筆墨描摹。摹畫也叫拓畫。臨摹要防止犯“結殼”“游魂”“附影子”等弊病?!敖Y殼”,即是學習古人或老師的技法,而被之束縛,不能變化、發(fā)展?!坝位辍?,就是東學一點,西學一點,淺嘗輒止,不能融會貫通。“附影子”,即只能依賴前人的稿子或一家一派的門戶,一離開,便寸步難行,作不出畫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fim4dg20oowmIcxkNl5csVeGnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"臨摹要和默寫結合起來,中國畫的創(chuàng)作方法很重視默寫。提高默寫能力要靠深入掌握物象的造型特點和規(guī)律及運筆用墨的規(guī)律。因此,臨摹一定要認真體會。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgUMdQCIIoOiEWxAJzYczDdSnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"結合臨摹平時要注意多欣賞名家名作,可以反復欣賞品味,此外還要多參觀畫展,汲取各家之長,開闊眼界,開拓思路,豐富技法手段,提高修養(yǎng)。在觀摩和學習時可隨時記錄一下構圖、技法特點、題款內容和自己的感受。只要認真扎實地學習,肯定會有大的進步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QEiWdqegIoGA80xoxIYcCiKynbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"寫生","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DqsodmYiWomCWQx4LWMcPVoonlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通過寫生可以進一步了解自然山水、花鳥和結構及動態(tài)規(guī)律,可以大量搜集創(chuàng)作素材,鍛煉造型能力,進一步豐富知識和繪畫技巧,在大自然中得到新鮮的感受。這是提高繪畫創(chuàng)作水平必不可少的重要環(huán)節(jié)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkA6doU0woyEmExo5hTcsguansf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"寫生之前要多觀察、多分析。寫生的工具不必過于講究,鉛筆、鋼筆、毛筆都可以,紙張隨便,關鍵是要畫得嚴肅、認真。寫生的過程就是學習、觀察大自然的過程,達到搜集創(chuàng)作素材提高創(chuàng)作能力的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewc6dMWgQoy8WqxQvoDcsrm1nsg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"畫外功","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OsMadsGGIoAGooxu8FicBpBrnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"與繪畫技巧相適應,還需具備多方面的知識。如書法技巧和文學修養(yǎng)都需作相應的提高。這是培養(yǎng)審美觀念、增進鑒別能力的基礎。只有多讀書(小說、散文、詩歌及繪畫理論都需要讀)、勤練書法才能滿足學習繪畫的要求。練習書法不僅僅是為了適應題字落款的需要,更重要的是書法也是國畫的基本功。要通過練習書法,提高筆線的表現(xiàn)能力,加強墨暈的風骨,以書入畫格調情趣自然更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0Kyd4kmOo62a0xWcA9c32I4nkc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"創(chuàng)作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkmMd6gMOoQMAKx68D5cK7NTnLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初學國畫不必急于創(chuàng)作,應先在以上三方面打下扎實的基礎,苦練基本功。有了一定的基礎后,可以慢慢試著進行創(chuàng)作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Km0WdaMUSoOkEmxEFcYc7SI6nge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"創(chuàng)作階段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KsYedIIIwoOG0qx4QbAcZcoqn6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一階段可以參考資料,借助別人作品的造型或筆墨技法,按照自己的創(chuàng)作意圖去試著創(chuàng)作。這個階段也叫初級階段。通過這一階段可以初步摸索到創(chuàng)作方面的規(guī)律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LousdUKsioguiWxCI8icx3a7n9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二階段,待掌握了一定的技法之后,便可以較自由地進行創(chuàng)作。這一階段是鞏固和靈活運用技法階段,通過這個階段的練習,可使技法更熟練,構圖變化更豐富。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsUEdia80o0UAmxglY1c5Bt0nVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三階段——成熟階段。技法的成熟的標志不是按照一個模式的純熟,而是根據(jù)不同意境、感覺、情趣的要求不斷變化技法,體現(xiàn)出隨機應變、運用自如而又不斷創(chuàng)新。這一階段的追求是情趣的表現(xiàn)及創(chuàng)作內涵的深化,是既有“法”度而又不為法度所束縛。以法作畫,千篇一律,以情作畫,變化萬千。這是高超的技法和高深修養(yǎng)的結合,是我們追求的目的。初學者只要得法,用功,是會達到這一目標的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2Yidsk0Qo4uusx0QQUc3fdhnDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"學國畫素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkMd6Iw0oGOKmxS2A0ccrf9nNd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"花鳥素材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EAcgdqymqo0cwmxMNqYcwbzcnHe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic2sdiyiGoyIQGxqig3cjXhvnJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸淡墨勾畫竹葉,用相同的筆法畫出三片為一組的竹葉。依次增加葉子,注意竹葉方向、大小等要有變化,下筆時兩頭輕中間重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0EAdqC8OocWk2xs3FOcweOQnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、淡墨勾畫竹子的主干,待半干后濃墨勾畫竹節(jié)。最后用淡墨勾畫竹子的分支。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QY8CdaWS4oyEsGxWwnfcQJ7lnrg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KIEydWUuSo2MAMxIBXqcQF5Vn5g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1046,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竹子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/57b120661ae14a249184b70caefe0637","width":942},"text":"","id":"EMGcdWuSWo4uAgxScaJcXYWunYe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgQIdQCUkoQUqexiAZYc5VcznHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、整筆蘸粉色,筆尖蘸曙紅畫花瓣,依次增加花瓣。畫出整朵花頭,注意整朵花的形狀要錯落有變。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmACdYek4oY4OgxEzb2cijGznCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、整筆蘸粉色,筆尖蘸曙紅點出花苞,畫出左右相鄰的小花瓣。最后用淡綠色加胭脂畫出花尊。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XI4YduoICoCgGKxY56zcZsD6nLd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、整筆蘸淡綠色,筆尖蘸淡墨側鋒畫出整組牡丹葉子。濃墨勾葉筋,墨綠加胭脂畫枝條。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y6COd0E22oy0M4xCoDDchRc8ncc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1008,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"牡丹","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a34c7a92de164ab5afa43fe2540e4c7c","width":900},"text":"","id":"QCeAdCKc6o6Q88xIJJHcwtrRnwf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BS8IdQUY8o2U0mxQzETcc5E3nac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸赭石加淡墨側鋒點出鳥的頭部,中鋒畫背羽,側鋒畫上下翅。濃墨點斑紋、飛羽、尾羽、眼睛嘴,最后以淡墨畫胸腹。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KWysdguSmommQsxohsBcIzMBn2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、赭石加淡墨側鋒畫出頭部,中鋒畫背羽,側鋒畫上下翅,濃墨畫嘴,點眼睛。淡墨畫胸腹,濃墨點斑紋、飛羽和尾羽,濃墨中鋒畫腿,濃墨畫爪子。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T6Sgd2WcWoUCoUxWm6uc18LBnyg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":700,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"麻雀","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3b44f13174b6450895843821a3888870","width":1080},"text":"","id":"R8UGd4Os4ooUisx6Bb8ccnJXn0b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"小雞","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQU8dwweaoAMSWxCexxcwsjAnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸中墨側鋒畫出頭部,側鋒點出翅膀,隨后用干墨勾畫尾部。濃墨畫嘴和眼睛,淡墨畫胸部和大腿,待半干時用濃墨勾畫腳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA8Gdm6swoqaOixIdv4chr7knEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、蘸濃墨,行側鋒畫出頭部,側鋒畫翅膀,淡墨畫胸部和大腿,最后濃墨勾畫嘴、腳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QWUEd2KCqowuIwxopcdcv40PnWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":744,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"小雞","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a54e2d5df928466db4159176960f1218","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Lq4mdCyo8oGwIaxS6gqcdMT9nMf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鳥","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BIOmdMqIcocEsexSKCOcdI9xngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蘸三青點出鳥的頭部,運側鋒畫出身子和上下翅。采濃墨畫嘴、尾羽、飛羽并點上眼睛。用鈦白點鳥身斑紋,淡赭石染胸部,朱砂染嘴與鳥爪,最后用藤黃染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z2I0dkmwQoWsm0xKGDPc5G1jnwg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、三青加花青點出頭部,用濃墨畫出眼睛并勾畫嘴巴,再畫出頭上的毛。三青加花青畫鳥毛,用淡赭石畫出腹部,濃墨勾畫輪廓,朱砂染嘴和勾畫鳥爪,藤黃染眼珠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIqidk426oSgqOxmu1ZcRUISnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":712,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翠鳥","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/68f8ef716b1e48bebdafd755d5ca813a","width":1080},"text":"","id":"Gk2gdAmOCo2AusxeMeScyMydnfd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"喜鵲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUEo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北京旅游顧問
旅游顧問是指從事為旅游團體或個人提供旅游咨詢服務及相關服務的專業(yè)人員。旅游咨詢師的職業(yè)定義是:從事為旅游企業(yè)、旅游團隊或個人提供旅游咨詢及相關服務的專業(yè)人員,是專業(yè)化、復合型的現(xiàn)代旅游中高級管理人才。既是高端客人的旅行顧問(為客戶提供旅行解決方案,幫助預定旅行線路、游客維權,旅游健康、旅游理財咨詢,開發(fā)維護高端客戶等),又是旅游企業(yè)的經(jīng)營管理顧問(為企業(yè)經(jīng)營管理提供人力資源、市場營銷、財務管理、旅游策劃規(guī)劃等方面的解決方案)。
導游主要分為中文導游和外語導游。其主要工作內容為引導游客感受山水之美,解決旅途中可能出現(xiàn)的突發(fā)事件,并給予游客食、宿、行等方面的幫助。在中國,凡希望從事導游業(yè)務活動的人都必須按規(guī)定參加導游人員資格考試??荚嚭细裾?,由國務院旅游行政管理部門委托省、自治區(qū)、直轄市人民政府旅游行政部門頒發(fā)導游人員資格證書。